


* 



CATECHISM 



Church History, 



FROM THE CLOSE OF THE SACRED CANON 
ifNTIL THE PRESENT DAY. 



— liV THE- 



REV. C. K. GARDNER, 

OP THE SOCIETY OP S. JOHN' THE EVANGELIST, 
COWLEY. 



MILWAUKEE, WIS.: 
THE YOUNG CHURCHMAN COMPANY, 

1888. 



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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ! 



CATECHISM 



Church History, 



FROM THE CLOSE OF THE SACRED CANON 
UNTIL THE PRESENT DAY. 



— By THE — 



REV. C. E.'GARDNER, 

OF THE SOCIETY OF S. JOHN THE EVANGELIST, 
COWLEY. 




MILWAUKEE, WIS.: 
The Young Churchman Company, 

1888. 



/ 






Copyright 1888, 
BY THE YOUNG CHURCHMAN CO., 

MILWAUKEE. 



CONTENTS. 



CHAP. PAGE 

i. Introductory , 1 

ii. Jew and Gentile 3 

iii. The Destruction of Jerusalem 6 

iv. Lives op the Apostles 8 

v. The Apostolic Succession 10 

vi. Orders and Gifts of the Ministry.. 16 

vii. The Early Christians 20 

viii. The Ten Persecutions 23 

ix. Nero's Persecution 25 

x. Domitian's Persecution 26 

xi. Trojan's Persecution 28 

xii. Hadrian's Persecution 30 

xiii. M. Aurelius' Persecution 32 

xiv. Severus' Persecution 35 

xv. Maximins' Persecution 38 

xvi. Decius' Persecution 41 

xvii. Valerian's Persecution 45 

xviii. The Lapsed Christians 50 

xix. Diocletian's Persecution 53 

xx. Heresies and Schisms 58 

xxi. The Apostolic Fathers 60 

xxii. The Christian Apologists 63 

xxiii. The Liturgies 67 

xxiv. The Emperor Constantine 71 

xxv. The Fathers of the Church 74 

xxvi. The Age of Heresies 76 

xxvii. The 1st Nicene Council 79 



IV 



COKTEKTS. 



CHAP. PAGE. 

xxviii. The 1st Council of Constantinople. 81 

xxix. The Fathers op the Desert 85 

xxx. The Post Nicene Fathers 89 

xxxi. The Council op Ephesus 93 

xxxii. The Council op Chalcedon 95 

xxxiii. Iconoclasm 102 

xxxiv. Christianity in England 105 

xxxv. Christianity in France 109 

xxxvi. The 2d Council op Constantinople.. 112 

xxxvii. Mohammad 115 

xxxviii. The 3d Council op Constantinople.. 118 

xxxix. The 2d Council of Nklea 120 

xl. Christianity in North Europe 123 

xli. The Schism between East and West 

Christendom 127 

xlii. The Crusades 131 

xliii. Founders op Orders, the Schoolmen, 

etc 133 

Xliv. FORESHADOWINGS OF THE REFORMATION 137 

xlv. Synod op Constance, Basle and Flor- 
ence 141 

xlvi. The Reformation 144 

xlvii. The Church of England Reformed . 149 

xlviii. The Reformation in Ireland 155 

xlix. The Reformation in Scotland 157 

1. The Church in the United States.. 159 

Index of Subjects 162 

Index of Chronology 168 



PREFACE 



This Catechism is intended to give to Bible classes 
and the older pupils in our Sunday Schools some ac- 
quaintance with Sacred History after the formation of 
the Church of Christ ; to show the continuity of the 
Church to our own times ; and to enable them to read 
with greater intelligence, larger Histories of the Church 
if they desire and have opportunities of perusing this 
most important study. 

But while it is thus introductory in its nature, it is so 
arranged and interspersed with brief biographies that 
the learner may carry away with him a very fair knowl- 
edge of the subject. 

As in the " Gradual Catechism " * by the same writer, 
"the questions are for the most part contained in the 
answers," so as to enable the history to read off as a 
narrative " without referring to the questions." But 
there is not the same attempt as in that manual, to be 
brief in the answers ; for here, where the substance is 
matter of fact and not of doctrine and definition, there 
is no advantage in learning by heart. The pupil is 
required simply to gain the information contained in 



* Jas. Pott & Co., New York. The Young- Churchman Co., Mil- 
waukee, $8.00 per hundred. J. T. Hayes, London, 30s. per hundred. 



VI PREFACE. 

the answers, and state it in his own words. The full 
indexes of contents and chronology, will serve to refresh 
the memory, and as a means of examination. For 
teaching in class, the teacher may read aloud the an- 
swers (and questions where necessary), and afterwards 
ask the questions ; or, a portion may be prepared before- 
hand as a home lesson. 



CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

$ 

CHAPTER I. 

INTRODUCTORY. 

1. From whence do we learn the History of the 
Church of Christ ? 

The Four Gospels tell us of our Lord's pre- 
paring for the foundation of the Church ; and 
the Acts of the Apostles and Ecclesiastical writers 
give us its History. 

2. What do we learn in the Four Gospels? 
The Four Gospels give us an account of 

what u Jesus began both to do and to teach until 
the day in which He was taken up" (Acts i: 2). 

3. What do we learn in the Acts of the Apostles ? 

St. Luke in the Acts of the Apostles contin- 
ues the History of what the Apostles did after 
our Lord was taken up at His Ascension ; u how 
they went forth and preached everywhere, the 
Lord working with theni" (St. Mark xvi : 20). 

4. What have the Ecclesiastical ivriters told us ? 
The Ecclesiastical writers have continued the 

History of the Church to later ages; some as 



I CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

Historians, and others by casual mention of facts 
amidst their Theological writings. 

5. Are these authorities equally worthy of credit ? 
The Four Gospels and Acts are inspired by 

God ; the Ecclesiastical writers related what they 
knew by experience or report, as matters of fact. 

6. Who is the earliest Ecclesiastical Historian? 
The first of the Ecclesiastical Historians whose 

complete Works have come down to us, is Eusebius. 

7. When did Eusebius, the Historian, live ? 
Eusebius, the Historian, who was Bishop of 

Cesaraea, wrote the History of the Church down to 
his own time, a. d. 324. 

8. How many years does the History in the Four 
Gospels embrace ? 

The History in the Four Gospels embraces 
thirty-three and a half years, namely, the duration 
of Christ's earthly life. 

9. How many years does the History in the Acts 
embrace ? 

The Acts of the Apostles embraces nearly as 
many more ; from the Ascension of our Lord to 
the first imprisonment of S. Paul, at Rome, a. d. 66. 

10. Of which of the Apostles does the "Acts" 
chiefly relate ? 

The Acts chiefly relates the history of S. Peter 
and S. Paul. 



CHAPTER II. 

JEW AND GENTILE. 

1. Why were the acts of S. Peter and S. Paul 
chosen for narration rather than those of other 
Apostles ? 

Because S. Peter was the Apostle of the Jews, 
and S. Paul of the Gentiles ; so their acts shew 
the spread of the Church among these two 
classes. And the choice is specially valuable, as 
showing the agreement between these two Apos- 
tles, who were regarded by some Christians as 
founders of different schools (See 1 Cor. i: 12). 

2. Who were the Jews ? 

The Jews were the descendants of the patri- 
arch Jacob, and the inheritors of the promises of 
God to Abraham, his grandfather, and to his race. 

3. What was the chief promise of God to the Jews ? 
The chief promise of God to the Jews was 

that which was fulfilled by His Son's taking Flesh 
in their race. 

4. Who were the Gentiles ? 

The Jews termed all the rest of the world 
"Gentiles," that is, ordinary "nations." 

5. How did the Jews regard the Gentiles ? 

The Jews despised the Gentiles, because God had 



4 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

not chosen them as He had chosen the Jews ; and 
they considered them as unclean, or defiled, both 
in the sight of God as being outside of His cove- 
nant ; and also in the sight of man as using prac- 
tices, especially in regard to marriage and food 
(Acts xv : 20), which roused disgust among those 
who had been brought up as Jews. 

6. Did our Lord Jesus Christ come to save Gen- 
tiles as well as Jeivs ? 

Yes ; our Lord Jesus Christ came to save all 
mankind. 

7. To whom was the Gospel first preached ? 
The Gospel was first preached to the Jews. 

8. When was salvation offered to the Gentiles ? 
Salvation was offered to the Gentiles when the 

Jews rejected it. 

9. How did God make known that the time was 
come to offer Salvation to the Gentiles ? 

God directed S. Peter, by a vision, to preach the 
Gospel to the Gentile soldier, Cornelius, and his 
friends (Acts x). 

10. Did the Church at once understand that the 
Gentiles were to receive the Gospel promises as well 
as the Jews ? 

No. Some members of the Church thought 
that before Gentiles could be admitted into the 
Christian Church by Baptism, it would be neces- 
sary for them to have become members of the 
Jewish Church by circumcision. 



JEW AXD GENTILE, 

11. How was this question settled ? 

The discussions which took place at Antioch 
between the Judaizers, as they were called who 
held this view, and S. Paul and his friends who 
opposed it, occasioned the Council at Jerusalem 
(Acts xy). 

12. Who presided at the Council of Jerusalem ? 
S. James presided at the Council of Jerusalem 

as Bishop of that See. a. d. 51 (Acts xv: 19). 

IS. What was the result of this Council ? 

A circular letter was written by the Council. 
disavowing the teaching of the Juclaizers who 
had asserted that circumcision and the observance 
of the Law were necessary to Salvation (Acts 
xv : 1); but directing the Gentile Christians to 
abstain from using certain heathenish practices, 
inconsistent with their intercourse with Jewish 
brethren. 

14. What authority was claimed by the Council ? 
The Council of Jerusalem claimed the authority 

of God for their acts, saying, "It seemed good to 
the Holy Ghost and to us" (Acts xv: 28). 

15. What right had they to claim this authority? 
Our Blessed Lord promised His Apostles that 

the Holy Ghost should "guide them into all 
truth" (S. John xvi: 13). 

16. Did tin's decision of the Council of Jerusalem 
completely do away with the distinction between Jew 
and Gentile ? 



6 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

No. Some time after this "certain came from 
James," that is, from the Church at Jerusalem, 
who would not eat with the Gentile converts, 
and "who carried away with their dissimilation" 
both S. Peter and S. Barnabas (Gal. ii: 12, 13). 
And nine years after the Council, when S. Paul 
came to Jerusalem, S. James and his elders judged 
it expedient for him to make an open exhibition 
of his adherence to the Law of Moses, so as not 
to offend the Jewish converts (Acts xxi: 18-26). 

17. How was the distinction kept up ? 

Until the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus 
a. d. 70, the Jewish Christians used to attend the 
Temple services ; and, when by themselves, observed 
at least some of the requirements of the cere- 
monial law (Acts xxi: 24). Yet Jerusalem had 
always a Jewish Christian for its Bishop, even as 
late as a. d. 136, when the city was finally 
destroyed under the Emperor Hadrian. 



CHAPTER III. 

THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM. 

1. How ivas Jerusalem destroyed ? 

Vespatian and his son Titus, (not S. Titus), both 
of whom were afterwards Emperors of Rome, 
besieged Jerusalem, and finally took it during the 



THE DESTRUCTION OF JERUSALEM. 7 

Passover of a. d. 70, when it was burned to the 
ground. 

2. What were the circumstances of the siege ? 
The siege of Jerusalem was so terrible, that 

the city being filled with Jews fighting among 
themselves, provisions failed, thousands starved, 
the rest were crucified, killed by the sword or taken 
captive. 

3. What became of the Christians in Jerusalem ? 
The Christians who were in Jerusalem, fled 

to the mountains before the siege, and escaped. 

4. What made the Christians flee to the mount- 
ains before the siege ? 

They remembered the prophecies of our Lord 
concerning the destruction of Jerusalem, and jso 
took warning as soon as they saw the siege coming 
to pass. 

5. Where are these prophecies of our Lord found ? 
Our Lord's prophecies of the destruction of 

Jerusalem are found in S. Luke xxi: 5, etc., and in 
other parts of the Gospels. 

6. Did Jerusalem remain in ruins ? 

No. It was rebuilt in part, although the Temple 
no longer existed. 

7. What finally became of the ancient city ? 
About 70 years later, it was destroyed again 

by Hadrian, the Emperor, and a new city built on 
its site. 



CHAPTER IV. 

LIVES OF THE APOSTLES. 

1. What did the Apostles do after the Day of 
Pentecost ? 

The Apostles seem to have remained at Jeru- 
salem twelve years. 

2. What happened then ? 

At the end of that time they separated to 
preach in distant lands. 

3. Is it known where the Apostles preached and 
what happened to them ? 

No. There is no certainty as to the history 
of the Apostles, except what is related in the Acts 
and Epistles. 

4. Which of the Apostles are supposed to have 
preached in Europe ? 

5. Peter and S. Paul are known to have 
preached in Europe ; S. Barnabas in Cyprus ; S. 
Andrew is supposed to have preached in Russia and 
Greece, and S. James the Great, in Spain. 

5. Who preached in Asia? 

5. John preached in Asia Minor, and S. 
Thomas in India. S. Simon, S. Jude, and S. 
Thomas are said to have preached in Persia. 

6. Which of the Apostles are supposed to have 
preached in Africa ? 



LIVES OF THE APOSTLES. 9 

>. Matthew and S. Simon Zelotes. are said to 
have preached in different parts of Africa. 

7. Did the Apostles meet with violent deaths ? 

It is probable that most of the Apostles were 
martyred. 

8. Wlxich of the Apostles are said to have been 
c rue hied ? 

S. Peter, and his brother S. Andrew, S. Philip 
and 8. Matthias, are all said to have been crucified. 

9. Winch were slain by the sword ? 

S. James, the Great, (Acts xii: 2), and S. Paul 
were slain by the sword. 

10. Which were sawn asunder? 

S. Simon and S. Jude are supposed to have 
been sawn asunder. 

11. How did S. Bartholomew and S. James, the 
Less, meet with their deaths? 

S. Bartholomew is related to have been flayed 
alive ; and S. James, the Less, to have had his 
brains beaten out. 

12. Of which of them does the Bible give an ac- 
count of his martyrdom ? 

The Bible tells us that Herod killed James, 
the brother of John (that is S. James, the Great), 
with the sword (Acts xii: 2). 

13. What happened to S. John ? 

S. John is said to have been thrown into a 
cauldron of boiling oil, in Rome, before the Latin 



10 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

gate, on the 6th of May ; but he came out of it 
unharmed. 

14. What was then done to him ? 

He was then banished to the isle of Patmos, 
to work in the mines, and here he had his Revela- 
tion. He is said to have returned and died at 
Ephesus, very aged, the last of the Apostles. 



CHAPTER V. 

THE APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION. 

1. What were the disciples ? 

All who accepted the teaching of our Blessed 
Lord were called disciples. 

2. How were they made disciples ? 

By Baptism ; according to our Lord's Words : 
"Go ye therefore and teach (literally, make disciples 
of) all nations, baptizing them in the Name of the 
Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost" 
(S. Matt, xxviii: 19). 

3. What were the Apostles ? 

The Apostles were men chosen by our Lord, 
from among the disciples, to be round about Him 
and His Ministry, and to represent Him in it, after 
His Ascension. 

4. What gift did oar Lord give to His Apostles, 
to enable them to represent Him in His Ministry ? 



THE APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION. 11 

Our Lord gave to His Apostles the gift of the 
Holy Ghost, saying, "Receive ye the Holy Ghost ; 
whosesoever sins ye remit, they are remitted unto 
them, and whosesoever sins ye retain, they are 
retained" (S. John xx: 23). 

5. Did the Apostles exercise this power of Abso- 
lution or Remission of sins ? 

Yes. This power was exercised whenever they 
baptized any one u for the remission of sins" (Acts 
ii: 38). 

6. Did the Apostles alone exercise this gift ? 
No. It was exercised by all to whom they 

handed it on. 

7. Had the Apostles the power of forgiving sins 
committed after Baptism ? 

Yes. The Apostles had the power of forgiving 
sins committed after Baptism. 

8. What instance have we of this in Holy 
Scripture ? 

S. Paul says of the sin of the Corinthian disciple, 
who fell away grievously after his baptism 
(1 Cor. v: 1-6), and then repented: u To whom 
I forgave it in the Person of Christ" (2 Cor. ii: 10). 

9. What did S. Paid call this power ? 

S. Paul called the power of forgiveness of 
sins which the Apostles possessed, u The Ministry 
of Reconciliation" (2 Cor. v: 18). 

10. To how many were this and the other Apos- 
tolic gifts given by our Lord ? 



12 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

Our Lord ordained twelve Apostles (S. Mark 
iii: 14) 

11. Did the number of the Apostles always remain 
limited to twelve ? 

No. At the death of Judas Iscariot, a thirteenth 
was chosen, named S. Matthias (Acts i: 26); and 
S. Paul, S. Barnabas (id. xiv: 14) and many others 
were named Apostles, although they were not of 
the original twelve. 

12. Have the Apostolic gifts ceased ? 

The Miraculous Gifts of tongues, healing, etc., 
ceased after a time, and indeed they were no 
longer needed ; but the Spiritual Powers have 
never ceased, for the Holy Ghost, the Comforter, 
will continue with the Church forever. 

13. In what words did our Lord promise that 
the Spiritual Powers of His Apostles should never 
fail? 

When He told them to go and make disciples 
of all nations, baptizing them, and teaching them 
to observe all He had commanded, He said, u Lo, I 
am with you alway, even unto the end of the 
world. Amen' (S. Matt, xxviii: 19.) 

14. What did our Lord mean by saying that He 
would be ivith them alway, since we know that all 
the twelve Apostles are dead ? 

He meant that He would be with their succes- 
sors as He had been with them. 



THE APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION. 13 

15. What do ice call the successors of the Apos- 
tles now ? 

The Bishops of the Church are the successors 
of the Apostles. 

16. How are the Bishops the successors of the 
Apjostles ? 

Every Bishop is set apart for his office and 
endued with the gift of the Holy Ghost by the 
laying on of hands by other Bishops ; thus pass- 
ing on the Power, first given by our Lord, to His 
Apostles. 

17. Did the Apostles send others in their place to 
ordain Clergy ? 

Yes. S. Paul sent S. Timothy (2 S. Tim. i: 6) 
and S. Titus (S. Tit. i: 4, 5); and others who were 
ordained by Apostolic hands. 

18. By what outward sign did they empower 
them to ordain ? 

By the laying on of their hands, as they had 
been previously ordained by that of the Apostles. 

19. What proof of this have ice in Scripture ? 
S. Paul, who ordained S. Timothy by the 

putting on of his hands (2 S. Tim. i: 6), or, as he 
elsewhere explains it, by the laying on of the 
hands of the presbytery (IS. Tim. iv: 14) who 
were, doubtless, associated with him, tells S. 
Timothy, in turn, "to lay hands suddenly on no 
man" (id. v: 22). 

20. Have (so called) "Ministers of Religion" 



14 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

outside the Catholic Church these spiritual powers ? 
No. So called "Ministers of Religion," outside 
the Catholic Church are only set apart by those 
who have not themselves received the Gift of the 
Holy Ghost from the Apostles ; and therefore 
have no power in themselves to communicate to 
others. 

21. Is it important to belong to the Church 
which is governed and administered by Bishops 
who have succeeded to the Apostles ? 

Yes. It is most important to belong to the 
Church which is governed and administered by 
Bishops who have succeeded to the Apostles ; 
because there alone are Apostolic Powers found ; 
and we u must continue steadfastly in the Apostles' 
Doctrine and Fellowship" (Acts ii: 42), as did the 
early Christians whom u the Lord added to the 
Church" (id. 47). 

22. What teas the Order of Elders, or Presby- 
ters ? 

The order of Elders, called in Greek, Presbyter 
( or Priest, by contraction ) , was an Order of ordained 
Clergy set apart, and appointed by the Apostles, to 
take charge of settled Churches (Acts xiv: 23). 

23. By what other name were they called ? 
They were also called Bishops, from a Greek 

word signifying u an overseer" (Acts xx: 17, 28). 

24. How had this same office these two names? 
They were known as Elders, or Presbyters, to 



THE APOSTOLIC SUCCESSION. 15 

the Jewish Christians to whom this Levitical title 
was familiar ; but to the Gentile Christians they 
were known as Bishops — a civil title equally famil- 
iar to them (S. Titus i: 5. 7). 

25. Was the Order of Elder, or Bishop, distinct 
,n that of Deacon ? 

Yes. The Elders, or Bishops, are mentioned 
along with the Deacons as a separate Order (Phil. 
i:l). 

26. Did these titles of Elder, or Priest^ and 
Bishop, remain identical? 

Xo. The title of Bishop was afterwards given 
to those who occupied the chief position as Church 
Rulers : and those only were called Apostles who 
belonged to the first age of the Christian Ministry. 

27. What name is givoi to the collection of con- 
jations in the various cities or countries over- 

n by each Bis]/ op ? 

Each is called a Diocese, from a Greek word 
meaning to keep house, or be head of a govern- 
ment or province. 

28. What Spiritual Powers have Priests which 
are not inherent in the Diaconate or Deacon's 
Order ? 

A Priest in the Holy Catholic Church has power 
to Absolve. Bless and Consecrate the Holy Euchar- 
ist, which a Deacon has not. 

29. What special acts are performed by Bishops ? 



16 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

A Bishop Confirms baptized people, and Ordains 
men to be Clergy. 

30. Ha ve we any Scriptural instance of a Bishop's 
Ordaining ? 

Yes ; S. Paul, the Apostle, left S. Titus in Crete, 
as Bishop, to Ordain Elders in every city (S. Tit. 
i:5). 

31. When teas the power given to consecrate the 
Holy Eucharist ? 

Our Lord gave His Apostles the power to con- 
secrate the Holy Eucharist when, at the Last 
Supper, He said, "This do in Remembrance of 
Me" (S. Luke xxii: 19). 

32. What is the meaning of this ? 

It means Offer this Sacrifice for My Memorial. 
They are terms found in the Jewish Ritual. 

33. How many Orders are there in the Christian 
Ministry ? 

From the Apostles' time there have been three 
Orders of Ministers in Christ's Church — Bishops, 
Priests and Deacons. 



CHAPTER VI. 

ORDER AND GIFTS OF THE MINISTRY. 

1. Why was the Ministry of the Church Or- 
dained ? 

Our Lord gave Clergy to the Church, u for the 



ORDER AND GIFTS OF THE MINISTRY. 17 

perfecting of the Saints ; for the work of the 
Ministry, and for the edifying of the Body of 
Christ" (Eph:iv:12). 

2. Were the Clergy ordained to convert people ? 
No ; it is the Holy Ghost alone who converts 

people. u No man can come to Christ except the 
Father draw him 1 ' (S. John vi: 44) ; but He may 
use their preaching for this end. The Clergy are 
ordained to attend to them when they have been 
drawn to Christ in His Church. 

3. In what parable of oar Lord's is this set forth ? 
In the Parable of the good Samaritan it is our 

Lord Who heals the wounded man, and places him 
in the Inn of the Church ; and then He gives 
commands to the Inn-keeper, or Clergy, to take 
care of the man (S. Luke x: 33, etc.). 

4. Does our Lord use His Ministry for the 
purpose of converting others ? 

Yes. He sends them to call people to Him, and 
blesses the word which they preach ; but He must 
open the heart to receive the things spoken (Acts 
xvi: 14) ; otherwise no effort of theirs will .avail. 

5. May a new Order be created that has not 
succeeded to the Apostles ? 

No. To create a new Order not in Succession 
to the Apostles would be to found a new Church. 

6. Why might not a new Church be founded ? 
The Holy Ghost is given to abide in the Apostles, 

and their successors, even to the end of the world. 



18 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

7. What kind of Ministers do we find mentioned 
in the early Church ? 

Besides the Apostles, we find the new t Order 
shortly afterwards established, called Deacons ; 
those called Elders, and Ministers, styled Prophets 
and Teachers, with miraculous gifts of various 
kinds (1 Cor. xii: 28). 

8. Were the Prophets, Teachers, and Gifts, dif- 
ferent Orders in the Ministry ? 

No. The Prophets and Teachers, and those 
endued with Miraculous Gifts, were not separate 
Orders, but individuals to whom special powers 
were given. 

9. When was the Order of Deacons instituted ? 
The Apostles laid their hands upon seven men, 

chosen by the disciples for their piety, and set 
them apart, to look after the distribution of the 
Church alms, soon after the Ascension (Acts vi). 

10. Of which of these seven Deacons, have we 
any account in Holy Scripture ? 

The Bible relates some of the acts of S. Stephen 
and S. Philip, the Deacons. 

11. ' What do we learn about S. Stephen ? 

S. Stephen worked many miracles, and con- 
founded many Jews in disputing ; wherefore they 
falsely accused him before their Council, and 
stoned him to death (Acts vi: 8 etc.). 

12. What is remarkable concerning the death of 
S. Stephen ? 



ORDER AND GIFTS OF THE MINISTRY. 19 

While disputing with the Jews, S. Stephen saw 
the Heavens opened, and the Son of Man standing 
on the Right Hand of God ; and when they were 
stoning to death him who, like his Master, was 
falsely accused of speaking against the Temple, he 
also, like Him, prayed for his enemies, saying, 
u Lord, lay not this sin to their charge (Acts vii: 55 
etc.). 

13. Who was among his persecutors ? 

Saul, a young Pharisee of Tarsus, who was after- 
wards converted and became the Apostle S. Paul, 
was one of S. Stephen's persecutors (Acts xxii: 20). 

14. Did the Deacons always attend only to the 
distribution of the Church alms ? 

No. Besides S. Stephen, who worked miracles 
and disputed with the Jews, we find that S. Philip, 
another of the Seven Deacons, preached, worked 
miracles, and baptized many (Acts viii: 5 etc.). 

15. Did the number of Deacons always remain 
limited to seven ? 

No. S. Paul gives instructions to S. Timothy 
in regard to his choice of other disciples for the 
Office of Deacon (1 S. Tim. iii: 8 etc.). 

16. Was u man once ordained Deacon to remain 
in that office as long as he lived ? 

Not necessarily. Deacons who had u used their 
Office well, purchased to themselves a good degree" 
(1 S. Tim. iii: 13); and, as History tells us, were 
promoted to the higher Order of Priests or Elders. 



CHAPTER VII. 

THE EARLY CHRISTIANS. 

1. What was the chief virtue conspicuous in the 
early Christians ivhich astonished the Pagans ? 

The great love that the early Christians had for 
one another astonished the Pagans ; for they 
scarcely understood any but selfish love. 

2 What was the ground of their love ? 

The consciousness of being partakers, together, 
of a new life in Christ, so that they were members 
one of another 

3. How did they show their love for their neighbor ? 
The early Christians contributed largely to a 

common fund from which the poorer brethren 
were assisted, and which did much to lessen the 
distinction between rich and poor. 

4. How did the early Christians perform their 
public duties towards God ? 

Those who were of Jewish origin observed the 
Ceremonial Law and took part in the ordinary 
services at the Temple, and all met together for 
the Eucharist, called the "Breaking of the Bread" 
(Acts ii: 46). 

5. Did, they meet frequently for Communion ? 
Yes. In some places daily ; in others weekly. 

6. Had they churches in ivhich to celebrate the 
Eucharist ? 



THE EAELY CHKISTIA3"S. 21 

No. The early Christians had no churches for 
many years. 

7. How did they manage ? 

Sometimes a house was placed at their disposal. 
Sometimes they met for worship in places dug out 
of the earth, or caves. 

8. Why did they not build churches ? 

They did not build churches both on account 
of their poverty and to avoid persecution. For 
many years they had to worship in secret. 

9. Was the Eucharist performed according to 
any fixed method? 

Yes, S. Justin, the martyr, who wrote about a. d. 
150, gives us an account of the fixed ritual of the 
early Eucharistic Service. 

10. What was the Agape ? 

The Agape, called by S. Paul u the Lord's Sup- 
per" (1 Cor. xi: 20) was a solemn feast in mem- 
ory of the Last Supper, and held in connection 
with the Eucharistic Service as a Love feast or 
token of Brotherhood. 

11. Did the Agape, or Lord's Supper, remain 
long as a Church Institution? 

No. Even in S. Paul's time it became abused 
(1 Cor. xi: 20) and after a time it fell out of use 
altogether. 

12. At what hour was the Holy Eucharist usually 
celebrated ? 

The Holy Eucharist was usuallv celebrated in 



22 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

the earliest ages of the Church, about midnight 
(Acts xx : 7) to avoid discovery. It was a Feast 
upon our Lord's Risen Body ; and our Lord rose 
about midnight, or very early in the morning. 

13. What elements were used in the Eucharist ? 

Bread and wine, mingled with water, were in- 
variably the "elements" of the Eucharist, as 
mentioned in the Liturgies. 

14. What was the Liturgy ? 

The Liturgy was a Form of Prayer, prescribed 
for the Eucharistic Service ; but it was not com- 
mitted to writing at first, lest the heathen should 
get possession of it. 

15. Is it extant ? 

No. We have not the first Christian Liturgy ; 
but later Liturgies all contain some of the same 
prayers, etc., which point to a common origin. 

16. Name some of these prayers ? 

The Canon (or Consecration of the elements), 
the Sursum Corda, ("Lift up your hearts 1 ') ; the 
TerSanctus ("Holy, Holy, Holy"). 

17. Do these occur in our Booh of Common 
Prayer ? 

Yes. All these, as well as many other early 
prayers, occur in our Book of Common Prayer. 

18. How were converts made, and received into 
the Church ? 

Converts, especially from among the heathen, 
were instructed in morality and doctrine, and were 



THE TEN PERSECUTIONS. 23 

watched over for some months ; after which they 
were marked with the Sign of the Cross, and 
admitted as catechumens, or persons under in- 
struction. 

19. Were they at once Baptized ? 

No. They usually remained as catechumens for 
two years, when they were allowed to hear ser- 
mons ; but they were not permitted to be present 
throughout the Mysteries, as the Holy Eucharist 
was called, until they had been Baptized. 

20. When tcere they Baptized ? 

Towards the end of the Lent preceding the last 
year of their probation, they were taught the 
Lord's Prayer, and simple elements of the Faith ; 
and on Easter, or Whitsun eve, or Epiphany, 
those who were judged worthy were solemnly 
Baptized. 

21. Was the Baptism of infants thus delayed? 
No. Infants were Baptized as soon as they were 

presented — usually at eight days old. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

THE TEN PERSECUTIONS. 

1. For what purposes tvas the Church founded 
by our Blessed Lord ? 

Our Blessed Lord founded His Church for two 
great purposes ; namely, for the continual over- 



24 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

throw of Satan's kingdom in the world, and for the 
salvation of His own people. 

2. In what wise did Satan attempt to destroy the 
Church ? 

Satan attempted to destroy the Church by per- 
secution, by introducing heresies and schisms, 
and by making its members cold and slothful. 

3. Did Satan prevail ? 

No. Satan did not prevail against the Church ; 
for our Lord has promised that u the gates of hell 
shall not" in the end u prevail against it" (S. Matt. 
xvi: 18); but Satan gained many sad victories over 
its members ; and at times weakened the Church. 

4. Had our Lord foretold that Satan would try 
to destroy His Church ? 

Yes. In the Parables of the Kingdom (S. 
Matt, xiii etc. ) as well as in His other teaching, our 
Lord plainly foretold that Satan would try to 
destroy His Church. 

5. How many Persecutions were there? 

The early Christian writers usually enumerate 
Ten Great Persecutions, thus agreeing with the 
ten plagues of Egypt, which they consider to be 
figures of them. 



CHAPTER IX. 

NERO'S PERSECUTION. 

1. Give the dates and names of the Roman 
Emperors tinder ivhom the Church was tried in the 
Ten Great Persecutions ? 

(1). Nero, a. d. 64 (2). Doniitian, a. d. 
95. (3). Trajan, a. d. 106. (4). Hadrian, a. d. 
117. (5). Marcus Aurelius, a. d. 166. (6). 
Severus, a. d. 202. (7). Maximin the Thraeian, 
a. d. 235. (8). Decius, a. d. 250. (9). Gallus 
and Valerian, a. d. 257. (10). Diocletian and 
Maximian, a. d. 302. 

2. What was the immediate cause of the first 
Persecution ? 

Nero, who became a very brutal and dissolute 
Emperor, set fire to Rome in order to amuse him- 
self, intending to rebuild it on a grander scale. 
Being suspected, he accused the Christians of the 
crime ; and as they were a quiet people and little 
understood, the heathen world took pleasure in 
torturing them. 

3. Can you mention any particulars of this 
Persecution ? 

Many were clothed in garments soaked in pitch, 
and set on fire to serve as lamps to light up Nero's 
gardens. Others were covered with skins of wild 
beasts, and torn to pieces by dogs. Many pined 



26 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

to death, in the horrible dungeons of Rome. 

4. Who were among the martyrs of this age ? 

5. Paul, and S. Peter, were both martyred at 
Rome, by Nero. S. Peter, as a Jew, was crucified ; 
but, by his own desire, with his head downwards, 
as unworthy to imitate his Lord. S. Paul, as a 
Roman, was beheaded with a large sword. 

5. What is said of S. Peter's martyrdom ? 

It is said that he escaped from prison ; but on 
the way, he saw our Lord in a vision, Who told 
him He was going to Rome to be crucified again. 
S. Peter then returned, and gave himself up to 
death. His wife was martyred shortly before him. 



CHAPTER X. 

DOMITIAJsfs PERSECUTION. 

1. Which Soman Emperor persecuted the Church 
next after Nero ? 

Domitian persecuted the Church, a. d. 95. 

2. What caused Domitian to persecute the Christ- 
ians ? 

Domitian was afraid of a rebellion of the Jews, 
among whom he accounted the Christians as if 
they were a mere Jewish sect. 

3. Was this a fierce persecution ? 

No. Apparently only a few Christians were 
put to death by Domitian. 



domitian's persecution. 27 

4. Who among the Apostles suffered at this time ? 
It was during Domitian's persecution that S. 

John, the last of the Apostles, is said to have 
suffered before the Latin gate (iv: 13). 

5. What caused his return from Patmos ? 
After he had been there a year or less, Domitian 

was murdered, and then all who were banished 
were recalled. 

6. What other martyr of this age is celebrated ? 
S. Nicomede, said to have been a disciple of S. 

Peter, was discovered burying a Christian martyr. 
Rather than sacrifice to idols, he was scourged to 
death, or beaten with a spiked club. 

7. How did the Christians ivho were living in 
Borne ? escape being discovered ? 

The Christians in Rome used to meet for wor- 
ship at night only, and in the catacombs, which 
were underground caves and passages, hewn out 
of the hills upon which Rome is built. 

8. Were they safe from discovery in the cata- 
combs ? 

Unless they were betrayed, they could generally 
escape, at the first sound of alarm, from one cham- 
ber to another through the thousand miles of 
tunnels. 

9. To tvhat use did they put the catacombs ? 
They used them as churches, celebrating the 

Holy Eucharist on the tombs of the martyrs ; and 
also as places in which to bury their dead. 



CHAPTER XL 

trajan's persecution. 

1. Which Roman Emperor persecuted the Church 
next after Domitian ? 

Trajan persecuted the Church, a. d. 106. 

2. Was Trajan a bitter enemy of Religion ? 
No. Trajan was a mild Emperor. He did not 

seek out the Christians, but when they were 
brought to him, he condemned them to death. 

3. Who were among the chief of the martyrs in 
this persecution ? 

Among the chief of the martyrs in Trajan's 
persecution were S. Ignatius, of Antioch, and S. 
Clement, of Rome. 

4. Who was S. Ignatius ? 

5. Ignatius, a very aged man, was the Bishop of 
Antioch. He was formerly a pupil of S. John, the 
Evangelist. 

5. How was he martyred ? 

He was thrown to the lions in the Colosseum, at 
Rome, after having been compelled to take the 
long and tedious journey from Antioch. 

6. What was the Colosseum ? 

The Colosseum was the great circus at Rome, 
built for the games and shows of the Roman peo- 
ple. It was the scene of many martyrdoms ; for 



TRAJA^S PERSECUTION. 29 

the persecution of Christians became the most 
popular entertainment. 

7. How did S. Ignatiu, meet his death ? 

S. Ignatius rejoiced to give his body to the lions 
"to be ground into flour for the bread of Christ." 

8. Have ive any ivritings of S. Ignatius ? 

Yes. The Epistles of S. Ignatius form part of 
the works of the Apostolic Fathers. 

9. Who was S. Clement, of Borne ? 

S. Clement was Bishop of Rome, and is men- 
tioned in Phil, iv: 3, as having "his name written 
in the Book of Life. ,, He was also one of the 
Apostolic Fathers, and is supposed to have been 
tied to an anchor and drowned. 

10. Have ice anij ivritings of S. Clement, of Borne ? 
Yes. He wrote some works before S. John 

died, or the whole of the New Testament was 
written, and which we still have. 

11. In what other way did Satan attach the 
Church, besides raising up persecutions against it ? 

Heresies began to spring up within the Church, 
and false philosophy pretended to adopt Christian- 
ity. 

12. What was this false philosophy called? 
Gnosticism, or the knowing" philosophy. 
IS. What was gnosticism ? 

Gnosticism was simply a mixture of Christian 
teaching with heathen folly. 



30 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

14. In what way did the gnostic heresies injure 
the Church ? 

Persons outside the Church supposed they were 
forms of Christianity. 



CHAPTER XII. 

Hadrian's persecutions. 

1. Which Roman Emperor persecuted the Church 
next after Trajan ? 

Hadrian persecuted the Church, a. d. 117. 

2. What caused him to persecute the Christians ? 
In Hadrian's time, the Jews of Jerusalem rose 

up in rebellion against the Romans, aiid the 
Christians were regarded as the most dangerous 
sect of the Jews. 

3. Who was the chief leader of this rebellion ? 
A Jew who called himself Bar Cochab, which 

means "the son of a star," in allusion to Balaam's 
prophecy of the Messiah in Numb, xxiv: 17, 
wanted to be believed to be the Messiah, and rose 
up in insurrection. 

4. What was the result of the Jewish rebellion ? 
All the Jews were expelled from Jerusalem, the 

Christians being included among them, and 
600,000 Jewish rebels were killed. Hadrian then 
built a new city on the site of Jerusalem ; and 
erected a Temple to Jupiter over the Sepulchre of 



Hadrian's persecution. 31 

our Blessed Lord, and one to Venus, on Calvary. 

5. Had this extermination of Judaism any effect 
on the Church ? 

Yes. It put an end to the Jewish-Christian 
Church. From this time the Bishops of Jerusa- 
lem were not, as before, chosen from among those 
only who were of Jewish descent. 

6. Did this alter the condition of the Christians 
in the eyes of the heathen ivorld ? 

Yes. The Christians were no longer looked 
upon as a Jewish sect. They were allowed to 
return to Jerusalem, although the Jews were for- 
bidden to do so. 

7. Could Jerusalem any longer be the religious 
home of the Jews ? 

No. The Temple had already been destroyed 
by Titus, a. d. 70 ; (iii. 6, 7); Hadrian upturned 
the whole city, building a new one on its site, and 
thus destroying all old associations and memories 
of the city founded by David. 

8. Had our Lord foretold this destruction of 
Jerusalem ? 

Yes. He said u That there should not be left 
one stone upon another that should not be throw 
down" (S. Matt, xxiv: 2). 

9. Why was this judgment pronounced upon 
Jerusalem ? 

Because the Jews rejected our Blessed Lord, and 
Jerusalem u Knew not the time of her visitation" 
(S. Luke xix: 44). 



CHAPTER XIII. 

MARCUS AURELIUS' PERSECUTION. 

1. Which Roman Emperor persecuted the Church 
next after Hadrian ? 

Marcus Aurelius persecuted the Church, a. d. 166. 

2. Who were among the chief martyrs of this 
persecution ? 

Among the chief martyrs of the persecution by 
Marcus Aurelius, were S. Polycarp and S. Justin 
Martyr. 

3. Who was S. Polycarp ? 

Polycarp was a friend of S. Ignatius, of Antioch, 
and, like him, a pupil of S. John, the Evangelist. 
He had been Bishop of Smyrna, one of the seven 
Churches of Asia Minor, for seventy years. 

4. Relate the circumstances of his Martyrdom. 
He, along with the Christians in Smyrna, had 

been accused of having caused an earthquake there. 
When brought before the judge, S. Polycarp was 
pitied on account of his great age ; but no persua- 
sions could make him deny Christ, u a good 
Master Whom he had served for eighty-six years." 
He was then condemned to be burned alive. 

5. What signs are said to have happened at his 
death ? 

It is said that the flames at first did not touch 
him, but rose in an arch above his head ; and 



MARCUS AUKELIUS' PEKSECUTIOX. 33 

that when a soldier stabbed him the quantity of 
blood put out the fire. 

6. Have ive any writings of S. Polycarp ? 

Yes. The Epistles of S. Polyearp form part of 
the work of the Apostolic Fathers. 

7. Who was S. Justin Martyr ? 

S. Justin had been a Pagan philosopher, but was 
converted by seeing the piety and steadfastness of 
Christians. 

8. Have ice any writings of S. Justin Martyr ? 
Yes. S. Justin Martyr was one of the early 

Christian Apologists, or those who wrote in de- 
fence of Christianity against the Pagans, and he 
also wrote a book to convert Jews to Christianity. 

9. What controversy arose in the Church about 
this time ? 

Christians were divided as to the proper day on 
which to keep Easter. 

10. What icere the customs as to this ? 

Most Christians kept it as we do now, on Sun- 
day ; but some in the East kept it on the day of 
the Jewish Passover, on whatever day of the week 
it might fall. 

11. What were they called who kept Easter on 
the Passover day ? 

"Quartodecimans," from a Latin word meaning 
"fourteenth ;" for the Jewish Passover was al- 
ways observed on the fourteenth of their month 
Xisan. 



34 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

12. Did this controversy long disturb the 
Church ? 

Yes. The controversy about Easter disturbed 
the Church for many years, until the order of the 
Council of Nicaea, a. d. 325, was received every- 
where. 

13. What authority was claimed for each use ? 
Anicetus, the Bishop of Rome, claimed the 

authority of S. Peter and S. Paul for keeping it as 
we now do on a Sunday ; and S. Polycarp, Bishop 
of Smyrna, claimed that of S. John for keeping it 
on the Jewish Passover Day. But they agreed to 
follow the customs which they had received from 
the two Apostles' without quarreling. 

14. Did this 'peaceful state of things last ? 

No. At a later period Victor, Bishop of Rome, 
wanted to excommunicate all the Quartodeci- 
mans, and would have done so had not S. Irenaeus 
interfered to prevent him. 

15. Who was S. Irenceus ? 

S. Irenaeus was a Bishop of Lyons, in Prance, 
of whom we shall speak by and bye. His name 
means u the peaceful one," and just expresses his 
character. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

SEVERUS' PERSECUTION. 

1. What happened to the Church after the time 
of Marcus Aurelius ? 

After the time of Marcus Aurelius, the Church 
had rest for nearly twenty years. 

2. What use was made of this time of rest ? 

The Church increased in numbers. The Ser- 
vices and ritual of worship were improved, and 
the Liturgies, or Prayer books, were drawn up. 

3. Was this rest altogether beneficial to the 
Christians ? 

No. In times of peace the Christians were apt 
to become lukewarm ; whereas persecution tend- 
ed to make them more zealous and real. 

4. Which Roman Emperor persecuted the 
Church next after Marcus Aurelius ? 

Severus persecuted the Church, A. D. 202. 

5. What was the cause of this persecution ? 

Severus was at first mild towards the Christ- 
ians, having been healed by a Christian physician ; 
but he was annoyed because they would not wor- 
ship his military standard, nor enlist in his army, 
because it was bound by many Pagan customs. 

6. How was the lukewarmness of the Christians 
shown in this persecution after the many years of 
peace ? 



36 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

In many towns the Christians escaped martyr- 
dom by pretending they had obeyed the Emperor ; 
and so they denied Christ. 

7. How ivere Christians especially liable to be 
discovered ? 

At this period Paganism was at its height ; and 
even the daily acts of life were accompanied with 
outward expressions of idolatry ; so that Christ- 
ians who ignored them would easily be noticed, 
and so discovered. 

8. Who were among the chief martyrs of this 
persecution ? 

Among the chief martyrs in Severus' persecu- 
tion were S. Irenaeus, S. Perpetua and her com- 
panions, and S. Cecilia. 

9. Who was S. Irenaeus ? 

S. Irenaeus was a native of Asia Minor, and be- 
came Bishop of Lyons in France. He prevented 
Pope Victor from excommunicating the Quarto- 
decimans (xiii: 15). He wrote against the here- 
sies which arose in the Church. . 

10. How did he die ? 

It is said that the heathen Gauls, who lived 
near Lyons, rushed upon the people, most of whom 
had been converted to Chistianity by S. Irenaeus, 
the Bishop, and massacred all the Christians in- 
cluding S. Irenaeus, during the shows on a holi- 
day, a. d. 202. 

11. Who were S. Perpetua and her companions ? 



SEVERUS 1 PERSECUTION. 37 

S. Perpetua and six others, commonly called the 
martyrs of Carthage, were preparing for Baptism 
when they were seized and imprisoned, and finally 
put to death by various tortures during the shows, 
A. d. 203. 

12. What ivere the shows ? 

The shows were the fighting, racing and other 
games of the Roman people which the Emperors 
encouraged to please the people ; and at which, in 
those times, Christians were tortured and mar- 
tyred for the sport of the heathen spectators ( xi : 6 ) . 

IS. For what is the martyrdom of the Saints of 
Carthage remarkable ? 

S. Perpetua and her companions were remark- 
able for their great faith and courage. 

14. Who ivas S. Cecilia ? 

S. Cecilia had dedicated herself to God as a Vir- 
gin, but being compelled by her heathen parents 
to marry a nobleman, named Valerian, she con- 
verted him and his brother ; and all three were 
soon after apprehended and beheaded. 

15. For what is S. Cecilia chiefly known ? 

S. Cecilia is chiefly known as a musician ; for 
she played and sang hymns to God. 

16. What remarkable man lived in this age ? 
Origen, the son of a martyr, lived at this time, 

and became one of the most learned of the Fathers 
of the Church. 

17. Who ivere the Fathers of the Church ? 



38 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

Christian authors who wrote books on the 
Church and its doctrine, are called the Fathers of 
the Church. 

18. Is Origen commemorated in the Church ? 

No. Origen unfortunately held certain dan- 
gerous opinions which, in after times, the Church 
pronounced unsound. 

19. Did he die a Martyr ? 

No. He was tortured, but not put to death. 

CHAPTER XV. 

MAXIMISES PERSECUTION. 

1. Which Roman Emperor persecuted the Church 
next after Severus ? 

Maximin, the Thracian, persecuted the Church, 
a. d. 235. 

2. What is known of this persecution ? 

Very little is known of the Persecution under 
Maximin except that it was principally directed 
against the Clergy. 

3. What remarkable man arose in the Church 
about this time ? 

S. Gregory, surnamed Thaumaturgus, or the 
miracle worker, a disciple of Origen and Bishop 
of Neo Caesarea, lived about this time. 

4. For ivhat teas he remarkable ? 

5. Gregory Thaumaturgus was, as his surname 
implies, remarkable for his miracles. 



MAXIMUMS PERSECUTION. 39 

5. What is related of his success as a Bishop ? 
He left at his death only seventeen heathen in 

his city, whereas on his entering it there were 
only seventeen Christians there. 

6. Did all the Roman Emperors persecute the 
Christians ? 

No. Some Roman Emperors were favorable to 
Christianity, and some tolerated it. 

7. Which of the earlier Roman Emperors ivere 
favorable to Christianity ? 

Alexander Severus, a. d. 230, placed a statue to 
Christ among his idols, thus recognizing His 
goodness ; and Philip, the Emperor, A. d. 245. 
professed to believe in Christianity, although 
neither followed the doctrine of Christ. 

8. Relate the story of the Emperor Philip and 
S. Babylas. 

One Easter Eve, while the Church in Antioch, 
with S. Babylas, their Bishop, were awaiting the 
hour of the Resurrection in darkness, each having 
a lamp by him ready to light, Philip, the Em- 
peror, came in and was going to one of the chief 
seats, when S. Babylas met him, and placed him 
among the penitents at the door. 

9. Was Philip angry ? 

No. Philip, although a heathen and Emperor 
of Rome, recognized the Church's laws, and ac- 
knowledging his unworthiness as a sinner, re- 
mained near the door till midnight ; when, as the 



40 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

ancient custom was, all lit their lamps and cried, 
"Christ is risen f ' 

10. Did Philip ever become a Christian ? 

No. Philip remained a heathen, although he 
was favorable to Christianity. 

11. Can you tell me more about brave S. Babylas ? 
S. Babylas withstood another heathen Emperor, 

Decius, who demanded an entrance into the 
church. This Emperor imprisoned him, and 
finally beheaded him along with three boys, his 
pupils, who all stood firm to the faith. 

12. What use teas made of the times of peace 
which came between the persecutions at this time ? 

The Christians now began to appear in public, 
and to build churches in which they worshipped 
in broad daylight. 

13. Were the churches open to the heathen ? 
Churches were not built for public worship 

until about 230 a. d., when heathen were per- 
mitted to stand near the door and hear the first 
part of the service and the sermon. 

14. Were they permitted to be present during 
the celebration of the Holy Communion ? 

No. None were permitted to be present at 
Holy Communion except those who had been 
Baptized. And even Christians, who had fallen 
into grievous sin (and were called "Penitellts ,, ), 
had to remain near the door in different attitudes 
of humility, standing or lying on their face, and 



41 

to leave the church when the Mysteries were be- 
ing celebrated. 

15. Relate the story of S. Apollonia. 

S. Apollonia was an aged virgin of Alexandria 
who suffered her teeth to be pulled out one by 
one, and her jaw to be broken, rather than 
blaspheme and deny Christ. A fire was then 
kindled before the city and she was threatened to 
be thrown into it. At first she appeared to shrink ; 
but afterwards she sprang into the flames and 
was burned to death. 

16. Was not this the sin of suicide ? 

The Church has charitably not so regarded it in 
her case ; but it condemned any who should rush 
to their own death, threatening to regard them as 
self-murderers rather than as martyrs to Christ. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

DECEITS' PERSECUTION. 

1. Which Roman Emperor persecuted the Church 
next after Maximin ? 

Decius persecuted the Church, a. d. 250. 

2. Was the Decian persecution a severe one ? 
Yes. The Decian persecution was the severest 

of all except the last. 

3. What caused its severity ? 

There was a regular search for Christians 



42 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

throughout the whole empire, §o that none were 
safe. 

4. Did the Christians remain firm in this Perse- 
cut ion ? 

The Decian Persecution had many glorious 
martyrs ; but vast numbers of Christians aposta- 
tised. 

5. What do you mean by " Apostatise" ? 
Many Christians denied the Faith — pretending 

they were not Christians ; and multitudes ran to 
the heathen altars to sacrifice to idols. 

6. Did any escape ? 

Yes, crowds of Christians fled to the deserts, 
where many died of starvation or were killed by 
wild beasts ; and some remained at home by show- 
ing papers stating that they had sacrificed, al- 
though they had not really done so. 

7. What were these weaker Christians called 
ivho refused to sacrifice, and yet showed the papers 
stating they had done so ? 

They were called "Libellatici." 

8. Who ivere among the chief martyrs of this 
Persecution ? 

Among the chief martyrs of the persecution by 
Decius were S. Babylas, of whom we have already 
spoken (xv.), S. Felix of Nola, S. Agatha, and 
S. Fabian. 

9. Relate the story of S. Felix of Nola ? 

S. Felix had escaped one persecution, when an- 



DECIUS 1 PERSECUTION 43 

other broke out before he had time to do more 
than just elude the soldiers who were sent to ap- 
prehend him, and who did not recognize him. 
They, however, suspecting him turned back ; but 
he had meanwhile crept into a small hole among 
some ruins. While here he heard them talking 
outside, and they concluded it was not worth while 
to waste time and search ; for a spider's web spun 
across the hole showed that no one could have 
recently entered. Thus God made this little insect 
serve his purpose. S. Felix hid for six months 
in an old half -dug-out well in these ruins. 

10. Who was S. Agatha ? 

S. Agatha was a virgin of Sicily, who, refusing 
to break her vow of virginity and marry the pro- 
consul, was accused by him ; and after enduring 
shame and tortures so terrible that the people 
bade him cease, she died calmly in prison, a. d. 
251. 

11. What do you mean by a Vow of Virginity ? 
Many Christian men and women, especially the 

latter, from the earliest times made a vow to re- 
main unmarried, in order that they might give 
themselves up more wholly to Christ. 

12. What had S. Paul said about the virgin 
life? 

S. Paul says in I Cor. vii: 34. " The unmarried 
woman careth for the things of the Lord that she 
may be holy both in body and spirit ; but she that 



44 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

is married careth for the things of the world, how 
she may please her husband. 1 ' 

IS. Were many virgins found among the mar- 
tyrs? 

Yes. Most of the martyrs whose lives are best 
known were virgins. 

14. Who teas S. Fabian? 

S. Fabian was the Bishop, or Pope of Rome, at 
this time. He is said to have been chosen for that 
high office because of a dove resting upon his head, 
when, as a stranger he had entered the church 
where the election was going on. His manner of 
death is not known. 

15. Did any children suffer in this persecution? 
Yes, many children suffered nobly in the Per- 
secution of Decius, a. d. 250. 

16. Tell me of some children who were martyred 
at this time? 

Besides the three boys who were martyred with 
S. Babylas (xv.) Tarcisius, aged only seven, being 
chosen to carry the Blessed Sacrament to those 
who were in prison awaiting their death, was torn 
to pieces by a mob, rather than give It up. Othei 
children were forced to see Christians tortured 
before their eyes, and yet would not deny Christ. 

17. Hoiv ivere Christians martyred? 

At first, if Jews by descent, they were common- 
ly crucified ; or beheaded if Roinan citizens ; but 
as Satan found them more courageous to die for 



valerian's persecution. 45 

Christ, the most horrible tortures were invented. 

18. Relate some of the crudest ways in which 
Christians were tormented to death. 

Christians were burned alive, were torn by 
hooks, dragged limb from limb ; many were half 
killed and then allowed to regain strength in order 
to be tortured more horribly. 



CHAPTER XVII. 
valerian's persecution. 

1. Which Roman Emperor persecuted the Church 
next after Decius ? 

Gallus and Valerian persecuted the Church A. 
d., 257. 

2. What caused Valerian topersecute the Church ? 
Valerian was at the first very favorable to the 

Christians, and filled his house with them ; but he 
was persuaded that the many calamities which 
happened in his reign were a token of the dis- 
pleasure of the gods of Rome against Christianity. 

S. What were some of these calamities? 

The invasion of a barbarous nation from the 
North of Europe called the Goths, threatened the 
Roman Empire with destruction. 

4. What tcere the chief characteristics of Valer- 
ian's persecution? 

Valerian forbade all assemblies of Christians for 



46 CATECHISM OF CHUKCH HISTORY. 

worship and banished all the clergy who refused to 
sacrifice. 

5. What was the effect of this edict? 

Instead of causing the Church to die out as 
Satan wished, it caused it to spread in distant 
lands. 

6. Who were among the chief martyrs in this 
persecution? 

Among the principal martyrs in Valerian's per- 
secution were S. Lawrence and S. Cyprian. 

7. Who was S. Laivrence? 

S. Lawrence was the chief of the deacons of the 
Church of Rome under S. Sixtus II., the Bishop 
of Rome. 

8. What is related of him? 

When S. Sixtus was seized while celebrating the 
Holy Mysteries in the Catacombs (x,) S. Lawrence 
earnestly desired to accompany him. S. Sixtus 
foretold that he would speedily be martyred as 
well as himself. 

9. What was the immediate cause of S. Latv- 
rence } s martyrdom ? 

Having beeh commanded to collect all the 
Church treasures, and give them to the Emperor, 
S. Lawrence sold the sacred vessels and gave the 
price of them to the poor whom he exhibited as 
the true riches of the Church. This so exasperated 
the Roman officer that S. Lawrence was con- 
demned to be broiled alive on a large gridiron. 



VALERIANS PERSECUTION. 47 

He suffered with extreme constancy and cheerful- 
ness, a. d., 258, showing no sign of pain. 

10. Who was S. Cyprian? 

S. Cyprian was a nobleman of Carthage, in 
Africa, who was converted to Christianity, when 
he v, r as about 45 years of age. He had only been 
ordained Priest about two years, when he was 
seized by the faithful, and made Bishop of Car- 
thage against his will. 

11. What happened to him during the persecu- 
tion ? 

He escaped the Decian persecution by flight, 
accepting our Lord's words : "Let them which be 
in Judea, flee into the mountains" (S. Matt, xxiv: 
16). From his place of safety, he much encour- 
aged by letters, those who were suffering. Hav- 
ing returned to Carthage, after that persecution, 
he was beheaded under Valerian, a. d., 258. 

12 Belate the story of Serapion. 

Serapion of Alexandria, was an old man who 
through fear, had sacrificed to idols during the 
Decian persecution. He deeply repented, but ac- 
cording to the Church discipline of the time, he 
was refused re-admission to Holy Communion. 
At last falling ill, after three days in a stupor, he 
begged his little grandson to fetch a Priest to give 
him his last Communion, which the Church 
allowed. The only Priest the child could find, 
was too ill to come out. but when he recalled the 



48 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

penitence of the old man, who, Sunday after Sun- 
day, used to remain in the Church among the 
penitents, he consecrated the Eucharist, and bid 
the child take it to him. As soon as he had com- 
municated himself, Serapion died. 

13. What other saints belong to this age? 

S. Valentine and S. Prisca were both martyred 
during the latter half of the third century. 

14. Who was S. Valentine ? 

S. Valentine was a Priest who was imprisoned 
for assisting the martyrs, and afterwards beaten 
with clubs, and beheaded about A. D., 270. 

15. On what day is lie commemorated ? 

S. Valentine is commemorated on the 14th of 
February. In pagan times boys used to draw the 
names of girls, in honor of their goddess, about 
this date. 

16. Who was S. Prisca ? 

S. Prisca is said to have been about thirteen 
years of age, when, on refusing to sacrifice to 
idols, she was imprisoned, tortured, and finally 
beheaded about a. d., 275. It is related that on 
being exposed to a lion, the beast crouched at her 
feet, refusing to harm her. 

17. Were any children martyred in the Valerian 
persecution? 

Yes. Besides S. Prisca, the little S. Cyril, and 
many other children were martyred. 

18. 'Relate the martydom of little S. Cyril ? 



VALERIAN'S PERSECUTION". 49 

The little S. Cyril is so called, to distinguish 
him from two saints and Fathers of the Church 
of the same name. He was the child of idolatrous 
parents, and aged about six, when, having been 
ill-treated and finally given up by his father, he 
spurned all bribes, and rejoiced to be beheaded for 
the sake of his Father in Heaven. 

19. What happened to the Roman Empire after 
the death of the tyrant Valerian ? 

After Valerian had persecuted the Church three 
and a half years, he was taken prisoner in war by 
the Persians, and, as some say, flayed alive. After 
his death, many persons desired to be Emperor ; 
and the period is called the Reign of the Thirty 
Tyrants. It was a time of terrible calamities. 

20. Hoiv did the death of Valerian affect the 
Christians ? 

His son Gallienus, the Emperor, though a very 
immoral, bad man, restored to the Church her 
rights, and made Christianity a lawful religion in 
the state, a. d., 260. 

21. How long had the Church peace after Val- 
erian ? 

The Church had peace for nearly 40 years. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

THE LAPSED CHRISTIANS. 

1. What were Indulgences ? 

Christians who had lapsed during times of per- 
secution, were not allowed to return to full Com- 
munion in the Church until they had performed 
a long penance. Confessors, or those who had 
remained firm, had permission to shorten this time : 
and this permission was styled an indulgence. 

2. Was this system productive of much good ? 
No. Many of the confessors were puffed up 

with pride, and abused their power, granting 
indulgences too easily. (See xliv: 6). 

3. How did S. Cyprian act in this matter ? 

S. Cyprian, who was living away from Carthage 
at this time, wrote forbidding them. 

4. Did the African Confessors obey S. Cyprian ? 
No. Many still continued to abuse their power, 

and accused S. Cyprian of cowardice in fleeing 
from persecution. 

5. Was S. Cyprian a coward in fleeing from 
persecution ? 

No. S. Cyprian was persuaded to flee in order 
that he might be of more service to the Church ; 
and his martyrdom proved his courage. 

6. Was S. Cyprian blamed for his conduct 
towards the lapsed ? 



THE LAPSED CHRISTIANS. 51 

Yes. Some blamed him for severity, while oth- 
ers accused him of too great leniency because he 
would not refuse the Holy Communion to them 
on their death-bed, as the Clergy of Rome did. 

7. Did this difference of opinion cause any 
trouble ? 

The Novatian schism was the result of this dif- 
ference of opinion, as to the treatment of the 
lapsed. 

8. What teas the Novatian schism ? 
Novatian, who had been baptized in illness and 

never confirmed, said that Cornelius, Bishop of 
Rome, reconciled the lapsed too easily. He and 
another Priest named Novatus joined by many 
confessors, made a party in the Church against 
Cornelius and S. Cyprian. Novatus then got 
himself consecrated as a rival Bishop of Rome, 
a. d., 251. 

9. What ivas the chief error of the Novatian sect ? 
The Novatians, as they were called, taught 

that the Church had no power to absolve murder- 
ers or adulterers or those who had apostatized. 

10. What is the teaching of the Catholic Church ? 
u Our Lord Jesus Christ hath left power to His 

Church, to absolve all sinners who truly repent 
and believe in Him. 17 

11. What teas the end of the Novatian schism ? 
The Novatian schism lasted many years, but at 

last died out. 



52 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

12 What other disputes vexed the Church, about 
this time ? 

The question as to whether those who had been 
baptized by heretics or schismatics, need re-baptism 
on their reconciliation to the Church. 

13. What was the ground of this dispute ? 

S. Cyprian, and the African Church before him, 
held that those baptized by heretics, should be 
re-baptized. The Church of Rome held that this 
was unnecessary. 

14. What teas the result ? 

S. Cyprian wished S. Stephen, who was then 
Bishop of Rome, to agree with the African 
Church. S. Stephen in reply, threatened to ex- 
communicate S. Cyprian and the Africans, if they 
did not give up their practice of re-baptizing 
heretics. 

15. What then happened ? 

S. Cyprian then summoned another Council, 
which confirmed their previous decision of the in- 
validity of heretical baptism, and ignored S. 
Stephen's excommunication. 

16. What was the result of this dispute ? 
Dionysius of Alexandria, stepped in, and made 

peace between them; otherwise much harm might 
have ensued. 

17. Which party was in the right ? 

The Council of Aries, a. d. 314, confirmed by 
the First General Council of Nicsea, a. d. 325, 



Diocletian's persecution. 53 

decided against S. Cyprian, that baptism, if rightly 
performed, was valid even if administered by 
those outside the Church. Both S. Stephen and 
S. Cyprian were martyrs. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

diocletiak's persecution. 

1. Which was the last of the Ten Great Perse- 
cutions ? 

The persecution under the Emperor Diocletian 
and his colleagues, a. d. 302, was the last and 
fiercest of the persecutions. 

2. Was not the Church persecuted after this date ? 
Yes. The Church was, and ever will be the 

object of Satan's attack ; but this was the last of 
the general persecutions. 

3. Will there ever be another general persecution ? 
Yes. We are told that in the last days, "there 

shall be great tribulation, such as was not since 
the beginning of the world, no, nor ever shall be" 
(S. Matt. xxiv:21). 

4. What caused Diocletian to persecute the 
Church ? 

At first he was favorable to Christianity, and 
his wife and daughter were Christians ; but he 
was persuaded by his colleague Maximian, who 



54 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

feared the decay of Paganism, to try and extermin- 
ate Christianity. 

5. What was the character of this persecution ? 
At first the clergy were attacked ; but after- 
wards all the Christians. 

6. Were there many martyrs ? 

The Martyrs in the Diocletian persecution, were 
the most numerous and renowned of all. 

7. Bid many apostatise? 

Comparatively few Christians apostatised in 
this persecution, though the wife and daughter of 
Diocletian were among the first : but there were 
numbers, even among the clergy who delivered 
up the Sacred Books. 

8. What were they catted, who delivered up the 
Sacred Books ? 

They were called Traditors, or betrayers, and 
were held by the Church in great condemnation. 

9. Name some of the Martyrs of this Persecution ? 
S. Maurice and the Theban Legion, and S. 

Faith were martyred by Maximian ; and S. Alban, 
S. Agnes, S. Vincent, S. Sebastian, S. Margaret of 
Antioch, S. Lucy etc., by Diocletian. 

10. Relate the story of S. Maurice and the The- 
ban LegiOn ? 

It is said that a whole regiment, or legion of 
soldiers under the command of S. Maurice, were 
Christians ; and that they refused to sacrifice to 



DIOCLETIAN'S PERSECUTION. 55 

the idols, suffering themselves to be killed rather 
than deny Christ. 

11. Who was S. Faith ? 

S. Faith was a virgin who lived in the country 
we now call France. On refusing to sacrifice to 
the idol Diana, she was tied to an iron grating, 
and half roasted, after which she was beheaded. 
Many are said to have been converted at the time. 

12. Who teas S. Alban ? 

S. Alban was the first martyr in England, of 
whom we have any record. He is said to have 
sheltered a Priest, who fled to him for refuge, and 
by whose means he was converted to Christianity. 
When he could no longer hide him, he dressed him 
in his own clothes, and so effected his escape. 
The pagans on discovering this, put S. Alban to 
death (xxxiv: 3). 

13. Relate the martyrdom of S. Agnes ? 

S. Agnes was a young Roman virgin of noble 
birth, aged thirteen years. On refusing to break 
her vow of virginity, and marry the son of the 
prefect of Rome, he delivered her up as a Christian. 
She was sent to a very wicked house among bad 
people ; on his following her there, it is said he 
was miraculously struck senseless, but afterwards 
was restored at S. Agnes' prayers. She was sen- 
tenced to be burnt as a witch, but the flames went 
out ; so she was beheaded instead. 

14. Who teas S. Vincent ? 



56 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

S. Vincent was a Spanish Deacon remarkable 
for the severity of his tortures, and for his pati- 
ence under them. His flesh was torn away from 
his body by hooks ; he was put on a gridiron with 
bars like knives, and hot irons were placed on his 
body, and salt scattered over his wounds. Between 
these terrible tortures he was scourged ; and 
finally left to starve in a painful position. 

15. Who teas S. Sebastian ? 

S. Sebastian was an Italian captain who, secretly 
being a Christian, assisted the confessors who were 
put under his charge in prison. It is said that 
when two of them were beginning to waver, S. 
Sebastian entered the dungeon where they were, 
along with sixteen heathen prisoners and some 
friends ; and by his earnest speech not only 
encouraged them to persevere ; but, what was 
necessary for his own as well as their safety, 
converted all in the room. 

16. Was he discovered ? 

Not for some time ; for he obtained promotion 
in the army, which enabled him to be of more 
service to the Christians. At length, however, 
when he was known to be a Christian, Diocletian 
condemned him to be shot with arrows, but he 
survived. 

17. How was he martyred ? 

After rising from his supposed death by arrows, 
he appeared before Diocletian, and reproached him 



Diocletian's persecution. 57 

for persecuting Christ. At first the Emperor was 
frightened, supposing S. Sebastian to have been 
killed ; but his fear turned to anger ; and he con- 
demned him to be beaten to death. 

18. Who teas S. Margaret of Antioch ? 

S. Margaret of Antioch, in Asia Minor, is said to 
have been the daughter of a heathen Priest, who 
drove her out of his house. She was probably 
beheaded : but the acts of her martyrdom are 
very doubtful. 

19. Who was S. Lucy ? 

S. Lucy was a virgin of Sicily. Her acts, which 
are also doubtful, give the history of her martyr- 
dom as similar to that of S. Agnes. 

20. Is she not supposed to have had her eyes 
fidled out ? 

This is probably a mistake arising from pictures 
representing her with her eyes on a plate, 
in allusion to her name — for Lucy means "Light," 
of which the eye is an emblem. 

21. Was the Persecution of Diocletian general 
throughout the Soman Empire ? 

No. For both he and Maximian chose fresh 
colleagues, and some of them were peaceful. 

22. Who teas Constantius ? 

Constantius was the colleague of Maximian, 
and a mild prince. He ruled Britan and gave 
peace to the Church there as far as he was able ; 



58 CATCECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

for Helena, one of his wives, was a Christian. 
He died at York, in England, A. d. 306. 

23. What caused Diocletian and Maximian's 
persecution to come to an end ? 

Both these Emperors resigned ; and then the 
Church had peace for a time, except in the East 
where one of the colleagues still carried on the 
persecution. 

24. Who succeeded to the Western Empire ? 
There were six Emperors reigning at once, but 

Constantine, the son of Constantius and Helena, 
finally became^ sole Emperor of the West, a. d. 313. 



CHAPTER XX. 

HERESIES AND SCHISMS. 

1. What internal troubles disturbed the Church 
now ? 

During the time of peace there arose Heresies 
and Schisms in the Church. 

2. Name some of the Heresies which sprang up 
about this time ? 

The Sabellian and Manichean Heresies, and that 
of Paul of Samosata, arose about this period. 

3. What was the Sabellian Heresy ? 

A Priest named Sabellius, taught that there 
were not Three Persons in the God-head ; but 



HERESIES A^D SCHISMS. 59 

that Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, were only names 
given to one and the same Person. 

4. Explain this ? 

The Sabellians taught that when God created 
the world, and gave the Law, He was called the 
Father ; when He came on earth and was crucified, 
He was called the Son ; and when the same Person 
came down on Whitsun Day, He was called the 
Holy Ghost. 

5. What teas their error ? 

They confounded the Persons ; u for there is 
one Person of the Father, another of the Son, and 
another of the Holy Ghost" (Athanasian Creed). 

6. What was the Manichean Heresy ? 

Manes, a Persian of unknown history, who 
lived about 270, a. d., taught there were two 
supreme powers, a Good and an Evil Spirit ; and 
that the Good Spirit, or God, made the soul of 
man ; and the Evil Spirit, or Devil, made his body. 
He taught also that the earth was created as the 
battle-field of the conflict between good and evil, 
soul and body. 

7. Did the Manicheans believe in our Lord ? 
Xo. They taught that God produced, out of 

His own substance, two beings to deliver man's 
soul from his body. They called one Christ, and 
the other the Holy Ghost. Manes himself was 
recognized as the comforter, who should guide 
the Church into all Truth. 



60 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

8. What was the heresy of Paul of Samosata ? 
Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, taught 

that our Lord had no existence before His birth, 
and that He was made God after He was born. 

9. Was this a dangerous heresy ? 

Yes. The Samosatene heresy became very 
harmful, because it tried to make Christianity 
popular and worldly. 

10. Ought not Christianity to be adapted to the 
tastes and customs of the world, and to be made 
popular ? 

No. Our Lord said : u My kingdom is not of 
this world" (S. John xviii: 36). The Church, to 
be true to its origin and purpose, must always be 
bound to the Cross. 

11. Did God overrule these heresies for good ? 
Yes. These heresies aroused the Church to 

convene Councils in which to declare the true Faith. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS. 

1. Who are the Apostolic Fathers ? 

By the Apostolic Fathers, are meant those early 
Christian writers who lived nearest to the times of 
the Apostles. 

2. What are their names ? 



THE APOSTOLIC FATHERS. 61 

S. Clement of Rome, S. Barnabas, S. Ignatius 
of Antioch, the author of the Epistles to Diogne- 
tus, Hermas and Papias. 

3. Who teas S. Clement of Rome ? 

S. Clement of Rome was one of the earliest 
Bishops of that see and a martyr (xi. 9). 

4. What did he write ? 

5. Clement of Rome wrote two Epistles to the 
Corinthians. 

5. What ivitness of the early organization of 
the Church is found in them ? 

He tells us that the Apostles, as they went 
through many countries preaching, appointed the 
first fruits of their labors to be Bishops, Priests, 
and Deacons ; and that as Christ was sent forth 
by God, so the Apostles were sent by Christ. 

6. Who was S. Polycarp ? 

S. Polycarp was Bishop of Smyrna and a mar- 
tyr (xiii. 3). 

7. What did he ivrite ? 

S. Polycarp wrote an Epistle to the Philippians. 

8. For ivhat is his Epistle remarkable ? 

The Epistle of S. Polycarp is remarkable for 
the fervent exhortation to piety with which it 
abounds. 

9. Who was S. Barnabas ? 

S. Barnabas was probably a converted Jew of 
Alexandria. 

10. What did he ivrite ? 



62 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

S. Barnabas wrote an Epistle apparently to the 
Jews after the destruction of Jerusalem. 

11. What is the character of his Epistle ? 

It is full of allegories and fables, and shows the 
uselessness of all Jewish ceremonies, etc., until 
fulfilled in Christ. 

12. Who was S. Ignatius ? 

S. Ignatius was Bishop of Antioch and a mar- 
tyr (xi. 4.) 

13. What has he written ? 

Fifteen Epistles are ascribed to S. Ignatius, but 
probably only seven are genuine. 

14. What witness do the Epistles of S. Ignatius 
bear to the state of the Church in his day ? 

He shows how the obligation of the Jewish 
Sabbath had already passed away ; and lays great 
stress upon obedience to the Clergy, saying that 
apart from Bishops, Priests and Deacons there is 
no Church. 

15. What is the subject of the Epistle to Diog- 
netus ? 

The Epistle to Diognetus, by an unknown 
author, is addressed to a Gentile, and gives an ac- 
count of Christianity, laying great stress upon the 
purity of its morals, etc. 

16. Who was Hennas ? 

Hermas is supposed to have been the person 
mentioned among the friends of S. Paul in Rom. 
xvi. 14. 



CHKISTIAtf APOLOGISTS. 63 

17. What did he tvrite ? 

Hermas wrote a book called u The Shepherd." 

18. What does the "Shepherd of Hermas" con- 
tain ? 

It contains the account of the vision of a 
Shepherd which Hermas had, and many parables 
concerning the Church of Christ. 

19. Who ivas Papias ? 

Papias was the contemporary of S. Ignatius and 
S. Poly carp (xiii. 3). 

20. What did he write ? 

He wrote five books on the sayings of our 
Lord ; but we have only fragments of them 
quoted by later writers. 



CHAPTER XXII. 

CHKISTIAN APOLOGISTS. 

1. What ivere the Christian Apologists ? 

By the Christian Apologists is meant those 
early writers, who wrote in defence of Christian- 
ity against the Pagans and the Jews, especially 
the former. 

2. Who are they ? 

The chief of the early Apologists, of whose 
writings we know, are Quadratus, Bishop of 
Athens, S. Justin Martyr, Melito, Bishop of Sar- 



64 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

dis, Athenagoras, and Theophilus, Bishop of 
Antioch. 

3. For ivhat are their writings valuable ? 
They give us some account of the customs of 

the Church, and manners of the Christians of 
their day. 

4. Do any of them give us a full account of the 
customs of the Church ? 

No. None of them give us a full account, be- 
cause the ancient u disciplina arcani" forbade 
this. 

5. What ivas the " disciplina arcani ?" 

The u disciplina arcani" or u Rule of Secrecy," 
was the general practice of the early Church to 
keep silent on the sacramental and other mysteries 
of the Christian Faith, so long as the Church 
remained but a small body among the heathen. 

6. What teas the effect of the "disciplina arcani ?" 
The heathen, perceiving that the Christian Re- 
ligion had many secrets and mysteries, invented 
horrible calumnies against it. 

7. Mention some of these ? 

They said that the Christians met together for 
midnight orgies of the basest kind, and killed and 
ate human flesh. 

8. To what doctrine did their calumnies witness? 
They clearly implied a general belief in the 

Holy Communion as being not a mere commemor- 
ative supper, but a Feast upon the Body and 



CHRISTIAN APOLOGISTS. 65 

Blood of Christ ; which was in those early days 
celebrated before dawn, in order to avoid the 
danger of persecution. 

9. What was the result of these calumnies ? 
They urged the Emperors to persecute the 

Christians and increase their tortures. 

10. Who was Quadratics ? 

Quadratus, Bishop of Athens, presented an 
apology, or defence, of Christianity, to the Emper- 
or Hadrian A. d, 126, when he visited that city. 

11 To what fact does Quadratus ivitness in his 
apology ? 

He appeals to many living witnesses of those 
whom our Lord had miraculously healed. 

12. What was the effect of his apology ? 
Hadrian forbade Christians to be accused be- 
cause of their religion only. 

13. Who tvas S. Justin Martyr ? 

S. Justin Martyr was once a Pagan Philosopher, 
who having been converted to Christianity, ad- 
dressed an apology to the Emperor Antoninus 
Pius, probably written about A. D. 150 (xiii. 7). 

14. What is the value of his writings ? 

S. Justin Martyr gives us as full an account of 
the celebration of the sacraments of Baptism and 
the Holy Eucharist, as was consistent with the 
"disciplina arcani." 

15. What has he told us in this account ? 
That the President offered up bread, and wine 



66 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

mixed with water, which thereupon, was not re- 
ceived as ordinary bread and drink, but the Flesh 
and Blood of Jesus, Who was made Flesh ; and 
which by transmutation, nourishes our flesh and 
blood. He also tells us that Sunday was the day 
set apart for the general assemblage of the 
Church. 

16. What does he say about Baptism ? 

He tells us that after due preparation, with 
fasting and prayer, persons were born again ; 
being brought to a place where there was water, 
and Baptised in the Name of the Trinity. 

17. What was the effect of this apology ? 
Antoninus forbade Christians to be punished, 

and censured their accusers as being the more 
guilty and deserving of punishment. 

18. Why ivas S. Justin called the martyr ? 
Because he suffered martyrdom under Marcus 

Aurelius about a. d. 166. 

19. Who was Melito ? 

Melito was a Bishop of Sardis, who wrote an 
apology, now lost, which also obtained the Em- 
peror's favor. 

20. Where, besides in the writings of the Apos- 
tolic Fathers and Apologists, do ive learn the teach- 
ing and practice of the early Church ? 

The Liturgies give us much insight into the 
teaching and practice of the early Church. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

THE LITURGIES. 

1. What are the Liturgies ? 

The Liturgies are the various services of the 
Holy Eucharist, used at different ages, in differ- 
ent places of the Church. 

2. Wherein lies their great importance ? 
Their great importance lies in their being not 

the utterance of an individual, as is the writing 
of any Father of the Church, but the voice of the 
whole Church in common. 

3. What is their value in doctrinal teaching ? 
Their value in doctrinal teaching lies in their 

being less guarded in keeping the u disciplina 
arcani," than are the writings of the Christian 
Apologists, and others that would be published. 

4. Why is doctrine more fully expressed in the 
Liturgies ? 

Because they were solely used by Christians, 
and in the hands only of Bishops or Priests of the 
early Church. 

5. Hoiv many Liturgies of the early Church are 
known ? 

There are many Liturgies known ; but they are 
usually resolved to four sources or families. 

6. What are the Four primitive Liturgies ? 



68 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

The Liturgy of S. James, of S. Mark, of S. 
Peter and of S. John. 

7. Why are they named after these Apostles or 
Evangelists ? 

The four primitive Liturgies were used in four 
different parts of Christendom, and have the 
names of the chief Apostles, or founders, given 
them, for the sake of distinction. 

8. Explain this ? 

The Liturgy used in the Holy Land was called 
the Liturgy of S. James, because he w T as the 
Bishop of Jerusalem, its capital. That used in 
Egypt was called after S. Mark, who founded the 
Catechetical School at Alexandria. That used in 
Rome bore the name of S. Peter ; and that used 
in Asia Minor was surnamed after S. John, who 
presided over the Church in that province. 

9. Are these Liturgies now in use ? 

No, none of these Liturgies are now in use just 
as they stand ; but later Liturgies were founded 
on them. 

10. Name one of the most ancient Liturgies now 
in use ? 

The Liturgy of S. Chrysostom, from whence 
the final prayer in our daily office is taken, is now 
used in the Greek Church ; and was early found- 
ed on the primitive Liturgy of S. James. 

11. What is the age of the Four Primitive 
Liturgies ? 



THE LITURGIES. 69 

The earliest manuscripts of the Four Liturgies 
are about the same age as those of the Four 
Gospels, i. e. the fourth or fifth century ; but 
quotations from them, or allusions to them, are 
found much earlier in Ecclesiastical writings. 

12. Were they written at the same time ? 

No. Most probably the Four Primitive Litur- 
gies are all derived from one original source, 
which may have been drawn up by the Apostles 
before they dispersed (iv. 2). 

13. How teas the Liturgy divided ? 

The Liturgy was divided into two parts. The 
first part was called the Liturgy of the Cate- 
chumens, when those who were not yet baptised 
might be present. Then followed the Liturgy of 
the Faithful, which only the baptised might 
attend. 

14. Hoiv teas this division marked ? 

The taking of the bread and wine for the 
service, or offertory, began after the unbaptised 
were dismissed with prayer. 

15. What principle features occur in all the 
Four Primitive Liturgies ? 

The 12 following features occur hi all four : 

1. Kiss of peace. 

2. Sursum Corda ; or Lift up your hearts. 

3. Ter Sane t us ; or Holy, Holy, Holy. 

4. Words of Institution. 

5. Oblation. 



70 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

6. Invocation of the Holy Ghost. 

7. Prayer for the living. 

8. Prayer for the departed. 

9. The Lord's Prayer. 

10. Commingling of the consecrated Elements. 

11. The Communion. 

12. Thanksgiving. 

16. To which of the Four is our Communion 
service most similar ? 

Our Communion service mostly follows the 
Liturgy of S. John. 

17. How is it that our Service mostly resembles 
that of S. John ? 

Because when S. Augustine came to England, 
A. D. 597, he introduced the Gallic, a French 
Liturgy which was founded on that of S. John ; 
and his and all subsequent English revisions are 
based on that. 

18. From tvhat is the present Roman Catholic 
Liturgy derived ? 

The present Roman Liturgy is derived from 
that of S. Peter. 

19. From what are the present Greek Liturgies 
derived? 

The present Greek Liturgies are derived from 
that of S. James. 

20. Are not any Liturgies now in use derived 
from S. Mark's ? 

Yes. The present Coptic, or Egyptian Liturgy, is 



THE EMPEROR COKSTAKTHTE. 71 

derived from S. Mark's, and is the oldest of all the 
Liturgies in present use. 

21. What is the peculiarity of the present East- 
ern Liturgies as compared with the present Western 
ones ? 

The Eastern Liturgies have a prayer for the in- 
vocation of the Holy Ghost over the Elements, 
which is not found in the Western. 

22. Have tee retained this ? 

The Scotch Prayer Book of 1764, and the 
American one of 1789, both now in use in those 
countries, have inserted the Invocation, but it 
does not occur in the present English Service. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE EMPEEOR COXSTAXTIXE. 

1. What happened to the Church after the tenth 
and last persecution ? 

Ten years after the last persecution, Constan- 
tine was reigning as the first Christian Emperor, 
and Christianity was becoming the religion of the 
state, a. D. 313. 

2. What caused this change in the fortunes of 
the Church ? 

Constantine, while trembling for the small 
number of his army, which was marching against 
his rival Maxentius, was encouraged by the vision 



72 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

of a cross with the words u By this Conquer." 
Having caused a standard to be made, resembling 
this cross, he marched under it fearlessly and 
gained a great victory ; and his rival, Maxentius r 
was drowned while in flight. 

3. What tvas the Standard called ? 

The Standard, which from now became the 
Roman Ensign, was called the " Lab&rum." 

4. What was one of the first acts of Constantine, 
when his victory and the death of Maxentius, made 
him sole Emperor of the West ? 

By the Edict of Milan, a. d. 313, he and 
Licinius, the Emperor of the East, granted peace 
and liberty to the Christians. 

5. Did Constantine favor the Church otherwise 
than by putting a stop to the persecutions ? 

Yes. Constantine ordered all church buildings 
to be restored to the Christians, he gave certain 
privileges to the clergy, encouraged the spread of 
Christianity and decreed that Sunday should be 
observed as a day of rest from labor. 

6. Was Constantine a good Christian ? 
Constantine was not a Christian, although he 

so favoured Christianity. He did not become a 
Christian by Baptism, until he lay upon his death- 
bed ; for he was afraid to take upon himself the 
responsibilities of the Religion of Christ. 

7. Were the persecutions wholly stopped at the 
accession of Constantine ? 



THE EMPEROR COXSTAKTIKE. 73 

No. Persecutions broke out at different times in 
places where Constantine's influence was not so 
much felt. 

8. What ivere the chief persecutions at this 
time ? 

A severe persecution was carried on in Asia; 
and Licinius, having fallen out with Constantine, 
renewed the persecution in the East. 

9. What remarkable martyrs suffered in this 
persecution ? 

The forty martyrs of Sebaste. 

10. Relate their history ? 

Forty Christians were condemned to be placed 
quite naked on the ice, or in icy waters, while a 
warm bath was put on the shore, that any who 
wished might run to it, and forthwith be pardon- 
ed on offering sacrifice. They prayed that as 
forty were in the combat, so forty might be 
crowned. 

11. Was their prayer answered ? 

Yes ; but not as they expected ; one poor 
creature lost courage and faith, and rushed to the 
bath, where he instantly died. Meanwhile the 
guardian of the bath had a vision of thirty-nine 
crowns, and gifts bestowed upon the faithful ones. 
Struck with this, and inspired with grace, he ran 
to the icy waters, and joining the others, obtained 
the vacant crown. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH. 

1. Who are called the Fathers of the Church ? 
The Christian writers for 1000 years after the 

Apostles, are called the Fathers of the Church 
(xiv. 17). 

2. Hoiv are they distinguished ? 

Beside the natural distinction of Greek and 
Latin Fathers, according to the language in which 
they wrote, the contemporaries of the Apostles 
are called the Apostolic Fathers (xxi) ; and those 
who lived before the Council of Nicaea, a. d. 325, are 
called the Ante Nicene Fathers. 

3. Who are the earliest of the Fathers^ whose 
works have come down to us ? 

Among the earliest Fathers, are S. Justin Mar- 
tyr, who is also an Apologist (xiii: 7), S. Irenseus, 
(xiii: 15), S. Clement of Alexandria, Tertullian, 
Hippolytus, Origen (xiv: 16), and S. Cyprian 
(xvii: 10), all of whom lived in the second or 
third century. 

4. For what is S. Clement of Alexandria noted ? 

5. Clement of Alexandria is noted for being one 
of the most learned of the Fathers. 

5. Who teas Tertullian ? 

Tertullian was a Priest, who seven years after- 



THE FATHERS OF THE CHURCH. 75 

wards lost his faith, and joined a sect, called the 
Montanists, in which he lived about twenty years. 
We have many of his writings. 

6. Why is he called a Father of the Church if he 
became a schismatic ? 

Tertullian, although he became and died a 
schismatic, is numbered among the Fathers of the 
Church, because he wrote much concerning the 
doctrine and practice of the Church, that is of 
great value. 

7. What is his chief work ? 

The chief work of Tertullian is his Apology; 
from which we learn a great deal concerning the 
early Christian Church. 

8. What was the peculiar teaching of the Mon- 
tanists ? 

They taught that the Church had not power to 
absolve from all sins, (compare the Novatians, 
xviii: 10), that to marry more than once was a 
sin, that the Holy Spirit was specially given to 
Montanus to reform the Church ; and they affected 
a greater strictness than was customary in the 
Church. 

9. What did Hippolytus ivrite ? 
Hippolytus wrote many works : but the most 

valuable is a Refutation of all heresies, 

10. For ichat is Origen remarkable as a writer ? 
Origen was the most voluminous writer of the 

Fathers ; and his writings are of great value, 



76 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

although he held opinions that the Church after- 
ward condemned (xiv: 18). 

11. Have tee any writings of S. Cyprian ? 

Yes. S. Cyprian's Treatises and his Epistles 
are many in number, and throw much light upon 
the discipline and doctrine of the Church. He is 
remarkable for his controversy with the Bishops 
of Rome upon the re-baptism of heretics (xviii: 
14 etc.). 



CHAPTER XXYI. 

AGE OF HERESIES. 

1. Hoiv long did the Age of Persecutions last ? 
Satan tried to destroy the Church by constant 

persecutions during the first 300 years of her 
existence, till the time of Constantine, the first 
Christian Emperor, A. d. 320. 

2. How did Satan endeavour to destroy the 
Church after this ? 

Satan tried to destroy the Church, by raising up 
Heresies, and forming Schisms from within her. 

3. What do you mean by Heresies and Schisms ? 
Heresy is the wilful holding to a doctrine which 

the Church has condemned. Schism is the wilful 
refusal to recognize the Church's authorized gov- 
ernment. 



AGE OF HERESIES. 77 

4, How long did the age of Heresies last ? 

The age of Heresies lasted about another 300 
years, from about a. d. 320 to 680. 

o. Was not the Church vexed by persecutions 
and Heresies except during these periods ? 

Yes. As was foretold by S. Paul "All that will 
live godly in Christ Jesus shall suffer persecution" 
(2 Tim. iii: 12), and "there must needs be also 
Heresies among you, that they which are approved 
may be made manifest among you" (1 Cor. xi: 19); 
but Satan at one time especially uses one weapon, 
and another at another time. 

6. What were the general results of persecution 
and of Heresy in the Church ? 

As a general rule, the Church grew stronger 
and larger wdien persecuted, but Heresies tended 
to weaken and lessen her. In the end, however, 
both kinds of attack were advantageous to her as 
sifting out the lukewarm factions. 

7. Did not the springing up of Heresies weaken 
the Faith of the Church ? 

Xo. On the contrary, the springing up of 
Heresies caused the Church to examine and define 
more closely her doctrine ; and so to strengthen 
her faith. 

8. How ivere Heresies condemned ? 

The teaching of Heretics was exposed and 
examined before Councils composed of Bishops 
and Doctors of the Church. 



78 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

9. Are all Councils of the Church of equal 
authority ? 

No. Some Councils were held to consider diffi- 
culties, Heresies or Schisms in particular Churches. 
Others, to consider such as affected the whole 
Church, and to condemn such Heresies. Among 
these are the General or (Ecumenical Councils. 

10. What are General Councils ? 

Those Councils are called General whose doctrinal 
decrees are accepted by the whole Church. Others 
are called particular Councils, Synods etc. 

11. Why do you say "doctrinal decrees'' ? 
Because General Councils might, and some did, 

pass canons on Ritual, which are not binding on 
the whole Church. 

12. What power did they claim to judge Heresies ? 
They claimed the direct guidance of the Holy 

Ghost to u guide them into all Truth" (S. John 
xvi: 13), as at Jerusalem (chapter II). 

13. How many Councils are called General or 
(Ecumenical ? 

The Roman Catholic Church, by claiming to be 
the only representation of the Body of Christ upon 
earth, has given this title to all those Councils, 
whose decrees have been accepted by her. The 
Eastern Church acknowledge the Seven (Ecumeni- 
cal Councils ; but there is some doubt about the 
seventh. 

14. Name the Seven (Ecumenical Councils ? 



THE NICENE COUNCIL, A. D. 325. 79 

(1). Nice, or Nicsea, a. d. 325. (2). 1 Con- 
stantinople, a. d. 381. (3). Ephesus, a. d. 431. 
(4). Chalcedon, a. d. 451. (5). 2 Constantinople, 
a. d. 553. (6). 3 Constantinople, a. d. 680, 
and (7). 2 Nicaea, a. d. 787. 

15. What doubt is there as to the Seventh Council ? 
The Second Nicene Council, a. d. 787, was not 

universally received by all branches of the undi- 
vided Church ; nor by parts of the Western Church 
until even so late as the Reformation. Both 
Eastern and Western Churches accept it as 
(Ecumenical now. 

16. Is there not a distinction made as to the first 
four General Councils ? 

Yes. The first Four General Councils not only 
defended, but defined Articles of Faith which 
before were not clearly expressed. The 5th and 
6th Councils were not so important. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

THE NICENE COUNCIL, A. D. 325. 

1. Why was the Nicene Council summoned ? 
The Nicene Council was summoned by the 

Emperor Constantine, a. d. 325, to consider the 
Heresy of Arius, a Priest of Alexandria. 

2. What was the Arian Heresy ? 

The Arians held that Jesus Christ was not the 



80 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

Eternal Son of God, but that He was a creature 
made out of nothing, Who once did not exist, and 
Who was capable of sinning. 

3. How did the Nicene Council settle this question ? 
It anathematised those who held this Heresy, 

and drew up a Creed. 

4. What does "anathematised" mean ? 

To anathematise means to excommunicate those 
who obstinately, and wilfully, persist in holding 
some Heresy, or are guilty of Schism. 

5. What Creed was formed at this Council ? 
The Creed which we call the Nicene Creed, was 

substantially composed at this Council, although 
changes were made afterwards before it became 
what we now use. 

6. Did Arianism cease to exist after the Nicene 
Council ? 

No. On the contrary, it troubled the Church 
for many years, produced many sects, and became 
the favorite religion of the Court. 

7. In toliat way did some Arians wish to alter 
the words of the Nicene Creed ? 

Some Heretics wanted to alter the word "Homo- 
ousion" ("of the same substance"), to "Homoi- 
ousion" ("of a similar substance"); but the true 
faith of the Consubstantiality of the Son with the 
Father was preserved to the Church. 

8. Who was the great champion of the Church 
against Arianism ? 



THE COUNCIL OF CO^STAOTLSTOPLE. 81 

S. Athanasius was the great Champion o£ the 
Church against Arianism. He wrote and suffered 
much in his zeal against it. 

9. Who was S. Athanasius ? 

S. Athanasius was for some time, a Deacon of 
Alexandria in Egypt, and as such, was the great 
opponent of Arius, at the Nicene Council. Soon 
after that, he was consecrated Bishop of Alexan- 
dria. He was several times banished by Constan- 
tine, and other Emperors who upheld the Arian 
party, but was finally allowed to return to his 
troubled city, where he died not very long after, 
a. d. 373. 

10. Did the Nicene Council settle any other ques- 
tion of importance ? 

Yes. Among its Canons on Ritual, etc., it 
settled the question as to the proper time of 
keeping Easter (Chap. xiii). 

.11. What celebrated Bishop showed some sym- 
pathy with the Arian heresy at this Council ? 

Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, the great Church 
historian, was what was afterwards called a half, 
or semi- Arian. 

CHAPTER XXVIII. 

THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE, A. D. 381. 

1. Why was the Council of Constantinople sum- 
moned ? 



82 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

The Council of Constantinople was summoned 
by the Emperor Theodosius the elder, A. D. 381, to 
consider the Heresies of Macedonius and the 
Apollinarians, and to heal the Schism caused by 
the Arians, who had held the Bishopric of that 
city for forty years. 

2. What is peculiar as to those tvho composed 
this Council ? 

No Bishop, belonging to the Western Church, 
was present. 

3. Did not this make it forfeit the title of General 
or (Ecumenical ? 

No. Because its decrees were universally 
accepted in the West. 

4. What was the Macedonian Heresy ? 

The Macedonians held that the Holy Ghost was 
not God, but a mere creature. 

5. How did the Constantinopolitan Council settle 
this question ? 

The Constantinopolitan Council added to the 
Nicene Creed the words : "The Lord, and Giver 
of life, Who proceedeth from the Father," to the 
end of the Creed. 

6. When were the ivords, u and the Son/' added 
'to u who proceedeth from the Father?" 

The words, u and the Son," ("Filioque"), which 
are the cause of a great controversy, between the 
Eastern and Western Church till the present time, 
are first found in the Creed of Constantinople, or 



THE COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 83 

Nicene Creed, at a Council held at Toledo, in 
Spain, a. d. 589, and afterwards adopted by the 
whole Western Church, but rejected by the 
Eastern (xxxvi: 6). 

7. What ivas the Apollinarian Heresy ? 

The followers of Apollinaris, or Apollinarius, 
Bishop of Laodicea, held that man's spiritual 
nature being twofold, a living soul and an intel- 
lectual spirit, our Blessed Lord had only the 
former, the latter being supplied by the Divine 
Word. 

8. Hoiv did the Council of Constantinople settle 
this question? 

It declared it a Heresy, and anathematised those 
who held it. 

9. What other additions were made to the Creed ? 
The following clauses were added at the Council 

of Constantinople : That Jesus Christ was incar- 
.nate, "by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary," 
u was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate," 
u and was buried," that He rose again "according 
to the Scriptures," "sitteth oh the Right Hand of 
the Father," and "Whose Kingdom shall have no 
end." 

10. Did these Heresies cease to exist after they 
were condemned ? 

No. These and all the old Heresies did not die 
out until after many years, and then cropped up 
again in later times. Some of them have been 



84 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

the real evil in some modern Protestant sects. 

11. What great Doctor of the Church flourished 
at this time ? 

S. Gregory of Nazianzum, who opened a Church 
at Constantinople, when it was almost wholly 
given up to different Heresies. He was frequently 
assaulted by the Arians and others, but had so 
great success, that at the opening of the Council 
of Constantinople, he was appointed Archbishop 
of that See. He, however, refused it almost at 
once, in order to restore peace, which was marred 
by various factions, and retired to Nazianzum, of 
which small See he had been coadjutor to his 
father, who was its Bishop. 

12. Who was S. Basil ? 

S. Basil was Bishop of Caesarea, in Asia Minor, 
brother of S. Gregory of Nyssa, and a great friend 
of S. Gregory of Nazianzum. He was a man of 
great intellect and eloquence. Fearing vain glory, 
he retired for some time among the monks of 
Egypt, and afterwards reproduced the monastic 
life in his own country of Asia Minor, where he 
also built a hospital. He boldly withstood the 
Emperor Valens, an Arian, who persecuted the 
Catholics. He wrote many important works on 
Church discipline, etc., and revised a Liturgy 
which now bears his name, and is still occasionally 
used in the Eastern Church. He died in January, 
A. d. 379. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

FATHEES OF THE DESERT. 

1. Who were the Monks of Egypt ? 

During the age of persecution, but more espec- 
ially during that of Heresies, many holy men 
renounced the world in order to spend their lives 
in fasting, labor and prayer, in the desert lands of 
Egypt. 

2. Who were the chief of them ? 

Among the many celebrated Fathers of the 
desert, as they are called, were S. Paul, the hermit, 
who is called the founder of the solitary, or hermit 
life ; S. Anthony, the founder of the community 
life ; S. Macarius and S. Pambo. 

S. Relate the story of S. Paid, the hermit ? 

S. Paul, surnamed the hermit, was a rich and 
well-born young man, who, in the days of the 
Decian persecution, fled into the desert. A time 
of peace succeeded. Many others who, like him, 
had fled, returned to their homes ; but S. Paul, 
the hermit, remained in a cave near a palm tree, 
alone with God. He gave himself wholly to 
prayer and meditation for ninety years, without 
seeing a human face. At the end of that time, S. 
Anthony was inspired to visit him. They spent 
the whole night in prayer. A little while after, 
at S. Paul's desire, S. Anthony again came ; but 



86 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

this time to bury the dead body of the aged saint. 
He died about 342 a. d. 

4. Who was S. Anthony ? 

5. Anthony was also a young man of some 
wealth, who, hearing the Gospel read in church — 
u If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell that thou 
hast, and give to the poor" (S. Matt, xix: 21) — 
sold all he had, reserving only a portion for his 
sister. Another day, hearing in church that other 
precept, u Take no thought for the morrow ; for 
the morrow shall take thought for the things of 
itself (ib. vi: 34), he gave away the portion he 
had reserved for his sister, and put her under the 
charge of devout women. He then fled to the 
deserts ; but so many people came to learn of him, 
and became his disciples, that he was obliged to 
build huts for them around his cave. Hence he 
is called the father of the Community life, as S. 
Paul is of the Hermit, or solitary life. He was 
inspired to visit S. Paul, the hermit, to cure him- 
self of a temptation of spiritual pride, thinking 
himself the most perfect man living. During the 
time when the Arian Heresy was becoming popular, 
he visited the city of Alexandria, and preached 
there, converting many to Catholicism. He is 
remarkable for the severity and malignity of his 
temptations, as well as for his fortitude in over- 
coming them. He greatly encouraged S. Athana- 
sius in his zeal against Arianism. Like S. Paul, 



FATHERS OF THE DESERT. 87 

the hermit, S. Anthony also died very aged, about 
350 a. d. 

5. Who was S. Macarius ? 

There were two hermits of this name, sur- 
named respectively the elder and the younger. 
They both lived about 350 a. d. Both were of 
very humble origin, and banished by the Arians 
to places where they converted so many heathen 
by their preaching, that they were recalled from 
banishment. Both were ordained Priests. S. 
Macarius, the elder, has left many very remarkable 
sayings. 

6. What is known of S. Pambo ? 

S. Pambo, who lived a little later than these, is 
best known for many very instructive anecdotes, 
especially concerning his love of religious silence. 

7. Tell the story of S. Pambo' s lesson. 

S. Pambo, being unable to read, once w r ent to a 
hermit for a lesson from the Scriptures. He be- 
gan reciting Ps. 39, but had not finished the first 
verse — "I said I will take heed in my ways that I 
offend not in my tongue" — when S. Pambp 
stopped him, saying that would do for the pres- 
ent. He then went away and practiced that 
precept so long a time that the hermit thought 
he had forgotten him. When S. Pambo heard 
this, he said he had not yet learned it perfectly, 
and needed not to hear more of the lesson until 
he had done so. 



88 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

8. Were there any other hermits and fathers of 
the desert ? 

Yes. There were so many that Church writers 
said the u desert rejoiced and blossomed as the 
rose" (Isa. 35: 1). But in later times corruption 
crept in, and much spiritual pride ensued. 

9. Who was Julian the Apostate ? 

Julian, surnamed the Apostate, was the cousin 
and successor of the Emperor Constantius. He 
had been baptized, but secretly relapsed into 
heathenism. On his accession as Emperor, he 
boldly avowed himself an apostate, and bathed in 
a bath of bullock's blood, as if to wash away the 
baptismal waters. He banished all Christian 
teachers from the schools, but recalled S. Athan- 
asius and other exiled Bishops, Catholic and 
heretic, hoping to cause dissension in the Church 
by their controversies. Although he attempted 
to sneer at Christianity, his rage made him at 
times a persecutor. He lived to see Paganism 
dying out. Being mortally wounded in battle, he 
threw a handful of his blood towards heaven, 
shrieking out in mad anger against Christ: u O 
Galilean, Thou hast conquered." He died A. D. 
363. 



CHAPTER XXX. 

POST-KICENE FATHERS. 

1. What great Saint and Father of the Church 
lived during the period between the Council of 
Constantinople and that of Ephesus ? 

S. Augustine and S. Ambrose both lived about 
400 A. D. 

2. Who was S. Augustine ? 

There were two great Saints of this name — S. 
Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, in Africa, who 
flourished 400 A. D., and S. Augustine, first Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, the Apostle of England, 
who lived about 600 a. d. 

3. Belate the history of S. Augustine of Hippo. 

S. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (now Bona, be- 
tween Algiers and Tunis) was one of the greatest 
of the writers and Fathers of the Church. He 
has left us some account of his life in a book 
called his " Confessions." He was the son of a 
heathen named Patricius, but his mother, S. 
Monica, was a Christian. His early years were 
spent in rioting and evil living, greatly to his 
mother's grief. Although his father became a 
Christian, he himself, nevertheless, remained un- 
baptized. Tempted by their show of learning, he 
joined a sect called the Manichees. His mother, 
on this account, refused to eat with him, but 



90 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

prayed for his conversion with many tears, en- 
couraged by the hopeful words of a friendly 
Bishop. Anxious to make a name in the world, 
Augustine went to Italy, where he obtained a 
professorship in Milan. There he became ac- 
quainted with S. Ambrose, the Bishop, and after 
sometime was converted and baptized, being much 
influenced by hearing of S. Anthony's wonderful 
life. About this time his mother, having discov- 
ered him, rejoined him. Peeling her end drawing 
nigh, as her prayers were answered, he accom- 
panied her on her way back to Africa to die there. 
But she died on the way, thanking God for His 
answer to her prayers. S. Augustine being con- 
secrated Bishop of Hippo, gathered a band of 
clergy around him, with whom he lived a mon- 
astic life. He was a great opponent of heresy, 
especially that of Pelagius (xxxi. 9). He died 430 

A. D. 

4. Who was S. Ambrose ? 

5. Ambrose was Bishop of Milan. He was 
originally governor of that city. When the pre- 
vious Bishop died and the Church was disturbed 
by the Arians in the election of a successor, a 
little child in the congregation cried out u Am- 
brose is Bishop !" . This was accepted as an indi- 
cation of God's will, and Ambrose, although only 
a catechumen (not yet baptized) was appointed, 
much against his will. He wrote several treatises, 



POST-XICEXE FATHERS. 91 

and revised a Liturgy. He was instrumental in 
the conversion of S. Augustine, of Hippo. Being 
persecuted by the Arian Empress, Justina, he held 
out firmly against her. When Theodosius, the 
Emperor, in anger caused a massacre at one of 
the games in the circus, and afterwards sought to 
enter S. Ambrose's church in full pomp, the 
Saint met him at the door, and refused him en- 
trance. The Emperor, however, was very humble, 
and penitent, and having made amends was re- 
stored to Church fellowship. S. Ambrose died 
397 a. d. 

5. Are not S. Augustine and S. Ambrose said to 
have composed the " Te Deum" together ? 

It was said that they composed and sang this 
hymn when S. Augustine was being baptized, but 
there is no good authority for the story. 

6. What other great men lived about this time ? 
S. Martin, S. Chrysostom and S. Jerome all 

lived in different parts of Christendom about 400 
A. D. 

7. Who teas S. Martin ? 

S. Martin, the son of heathen parents, became 
a catechumen when he was ten years old, but was 
not baptized for some years after. One very cold 
day, being eighteen years of age, when he held a 
commission in the Roman army, being asked by 
a shivering beggar for alms, he cut his military 
cloak in two and gave the beggar half, for which 



92 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY, 

he was rewarded by a vision of our Blessed Lord 
wearing the half cloak. He was thereupon bap- 
tized. He was a staunch supporter of the Catho- 
lic Faith against the heretics. Part of his life 
was spent as a hermit. Being called away from 
solitude, to become Bishop of Tours, in France, 
he spent the rest of his days there under monastic 
rule, and died 397 a. d. 

8. Who teas S. Chrysostom ? 

John, surnamed Chrysostom, or "the golden- 
mouth," on account of his eloquence, was a 
heathen lawyer who afterwards became a Chris- 
tian and was finally consecrated Archbishop and 
Patriarch of Constantinople. He suffered much 
persecution for his bold preaching against the 
vices of the Court and age. He has left many 
writings, including valuable commentaries on 
parts of Holy Scripture. He died 407 A. D. . 

9 Who was S. Jerome ? 

S. Jerome was a Priest of Rome, who after- 
wards lived a strict life in Bethlehem. There he 
built a hospital for Catholic strangers, "lest," 
said he, " Joseph and Mary should come again to 
Bethlehem and find no room there." Some noble 
ladies put themselves under his spiritual guidance. 
He was a voluminous writer, but is especially 
noted for having translated the whole of the 
Bible into the vulgar tongue, Latin, and which is 
hence called the Vulgate. He undertook the 



THE COUNCIL OF EPHESUS. 93 

study of Hebrew at an advanced age in life, seek- 
ing, by means of its difficulty, to find engrossing 
employment to subdue fleshly temptations. He 
died 420 a. d. 



CHAPTER XXXI. 

THE COUNCIL OF EPHESUS. A. D. 431. 

1. Why teas the Council of Ephesus summoned ? 
The Council of Ephesus was summoned by the 

Emperor Theodosius the younger, andYalentinian, 
a. d. 431, to consider the heresy of Nestorius, 
Archbishop and Patriarch of Constantinople. 

2. What teas the Nestorian heresy ? 

The Nestorian heresy taught that Jesus Christ 
was not the Word of God, but that the Word of 
God dwelt in the Person of Jesus Christ. Hence 
it refused to the Blessed Virgin Mary her title 
Theotokos, or Mother of God, saying that He Who 
was born of her was simply Man, in Whom the 
Word of God dwelt as in a case. 

3. What teas the special clanger of this heresy ? 
If Jesus Christ were not both God and Man, 

indissolubly united in one person, His atonement 
would be valueless. Being both God and Man 
He is allied to Both, and so can make an At-one- 
ment, or Both at one. This heresy also involves 
many other serious consequences. 



94 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

4. Who teas the great champion of Catholicism 
against Nestorianism ? 

5. Cyril, patriarch of Alexandria, was the great 
champion against Nestorianism as S. Athanasius 
was against Arianism. 

5. What was the character of S. Cyril of Alex- 
andria ? 

5. Cyril of Alexandria (so called to distinguish 
him from S. Cyril, Patriarch of Jerusalem, who 
lived nearly a century earlier) was a man of great 
zeal and learning. Like S. John the beloved dis- 
ciple, he was such a u son of thunder," that many 
have blamed him for excess of zeal, and cruelty. 
He has left us many very valuable writings, and 
is one of the greatest of the Fathers of the Church. 

6. Relate the history of the Council of Ephesus ? 
Chafed at the apparently culpable delay of 

many Bishops who were summoned to the Council, 
but who did not arrive until sixteen days after the 
appointed time, S. Cyril, who presided, began with- 
out them. When the absent Bishops arrived, 
they convened a rival council, and deposed S. 
Cyril. These acts were, however, set aside, and 
those of the Council of Ephesus were finally ac- 
cepted by the whole Church. Nestorius was de- 
posed and banished. 

7. Is S. Cyril to be blamed for rashness ? 

In this and some other acts in his life for 
which he has been censured, it is difficult at this 



THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDON. 95 

distance of time to judge. More probably he 
acted from motives of righteous indignation and 
zeal. His celebrated letter to Nestorius which 
was accepted by the Council, breathes a spirit of 
Divine Love, and shows him to have been, like 
S. John (whom he greatly admired, and on whose 
writings he commented), an apostle of Love as 
well as of Zeal. 

8. Did the Council of Ephesus decide any other 
question ? 

Yes. In passing certain Canons it condemned 
Pelagianism (xxx: 3). 

9. What was Pelagianism ? 

Pelagius, or Morgan, a British monk, was led 
astray by a false indignation against sloth to 
teach, among other errors, that Adam was creat- 
ed mortal, that his sin harmed only himself, and 
that infants who were thus born, as he, without 
sin, needed not Baptismal pardon; that it was 
possible to keep from sin without the Grace of 
Christ, and that there had been sinless men 
before Christ came. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

V 

THE COUNCIL OF CHALCED03". A. D. 451. 

1. Why wasthe Council of Chalcedon summoned? 
The Council of Chalcedon, at which were as- 



96 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

• 

sembled six hundred and thirty Bishops, the great- 
est number present at any of the General Councils, 
was summoned by the Emperors Valentinian and 
Marcian, A. D. 451, to consider the heresy of 
Eutyches. 

2. What was the heresy of Eutyches ? 

Eutyches, an Abbot of Constantinople, in en- 
deavoring to vanquish Nestorianism, taught the 
opposite error, that the two natures in Christ, the 
Humanity and Divinity, were so confused that, 
after the Incarnation, He had only one Nature — 
the Nature of the Incarnate Word. 

3. In what words was this heresy condemned ? 
The Council of Chalcedon declared "that we 

are bound to acknowledge one and the same our 
Lord Jesus Christ, perfect in Godhead and perfect 
in Manhood, Very God and Very Man, of one 
substance with the Father as touching His God- 
head, and of one substance with us as touching 
His Manhood. . . . Born in these latter days 
as to His Humanity, of the Virgin Mary, the 
Mother of God." 

4. What important Canons tvere passed at this 
Council ? 

Several important Canons were passed concern- 
ing the discipline of the clergy, one of which for- 
bade their engaging in trade ; but the most im- 
portant was one which confirmed an earlier Canon 
of Constantinople, a. d. 381, giving to that See the 



THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDOJS". 97 

place of honor next to Rome, on the ground of 
their political, rather than spiritual importance. 

5. Was this Canon acceptable to the Roman 
party ? 

No. The Roman legates, or representatives of 
the Pope, or Bishop of Rome, who at the Emper- 
or's request presided at the Council of Chalcedon, 
absented themselves when this canon was passed, 
and afterwards protested against it ; but in vain. 
Pope Leo also wrote to remonstrate ; but the 
whole Eastern Church, who foresaw the growing 
arrogance of Rome, received the Canon as it 
stood, and it still has its place in the Ecclesiastical 
Law of that Church. 

6. For what is S. Leo the Great celebrated ? 

S. Leo the Great, for so he is usually styled, the 
first Pope of that name, is justly celebrated for 
the letter, or "Tome" which he wrote to Flavian, 
Patriarch of Constantinople, and which was ac- 
cepted by the Council as a valuable exposition of 
the Catholic Faith, especially against the heresies 
of Eutyches and Nestorius ; and which was put 
forth as expressing the mind of the Council. 

7. What noted synod preceded this Council ? 

A Council was summoned at Ephesus to hear S. 
Leo's tome, and confirm Flavian's condemnation 
of Eutyches. But towards nightfall, a ruffianly 
crowd of soldiers and Eutychian monks rushed in, 
maltreated the Catholics and Flavian, and intimid- 



98 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

ated many to support Eutyches and sign Flavian's 
deposition, a. d. 449. 

8. What name is given to this Synod ? 

It was called Latrocinium, or the Villain's gang. 

9. Did Eutychianism cease to exist after its con- 
demnation at Chalcedon ? 

No. Under the name of Monophysite, or One 
Nature only, this heresy cropped up again, with 
some differences, in later times. Another form 
was called Jacobite, after James, or Jacob the 
beggar, a Syrian monk. It is still held, in more 
or less degree, in some local Churches. 

10. Sum up the chief proceedings of these four 
greater General or (Ecumenical Councils ? 

1. Nicea, 325 a. d., against the Arians, declar- 
ed that Christ was Very God. 

2. Constantinople, 381, a. d. against the Mace- 
donians, declared the Holy Ghost was Very God, and 

3. against the Apollinarians, declared that 
Christ was Perfect Man. 

4. Ephesus, 431 a. d., against the Nestorians, 
declared that Christ was one Person in two 
Natures, unmixed, Human and Divine. 

5. Chalcedon, 451 a. d., against the Eutych- 
ians, declared that Christ had Two Natures dis- 
tinct in this One Person. 

11. What do you mean by the term "Communi- 
catio idiomatum ?" 

The Latin term " communicatio idiomatum," 



THE COUNCIL OF CHALCEDOtf. ' 99 

and Greek "coinonia idiomaton," which may be 
rendered u interchange of attributes " is used to 
signify that the Two Natures of God and Man 
are so united in the One Person of Christ, that the 
attributes of Each Nature may be ascribed to this 
One Person, Who is both God and Man. 

12. Explain this. 

S. Paul could speak of the u Lord of Glory" 
being u crucified" (1 Cor. 2:8) because He Who 
was crucified as Man was also God, the Lord of 
Glory ; and our Lord, before His Ascension, could 
speak of Himself as "The Son of Man Who is in 
Heaven" (S. John 3 : 13); because He Who was 
in Heaven as Son of God, was also Man. So also, 
He could truly say u My Father is greater than I" 
(S. John 14: 28), speaking of Himself as Man; 
while referring to His Co-equal Godhead He could 
say with equal truth "I and My Father are One" 
(ibid 10: 30). 

13. What teas happening in the Roman Empire 
during this time ? 

The great Roman Empire was rapidly becoming 
extinct (Daniel 2:33, 41-45). 

14. What caused the extinction of the Roman 
Empire ? 

Barbarous nations made incursions and weak- 
ened it. 

15. Mention some of these. 
The Huns, Goths and Vandals. 



100 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

16. Who were the Goths ? 

The Goths were a brave nation springing into 
existence beyond the Danube ; whom as early as 
378 a. d., the Arian Emperor Valens, a persecutor 
of the Catholics, invited to assist him against the 
Huns. 

17. Who were the Huns ? 

The Huns were a fierce barbarous tribe, of hid- 
eous aspect, from the neighborhood of Tartary, 
who were oppressing the Empire. 

18. What was the result of this alliance with the 
Goths ? 

The Goths being illtreated by the Romans, they 
in turn became their enemies and besieged Rome 
a. D. 410, when the city was betrayed to them, and 
it was captured by Alaric, their chief. 

19. Did the Huns again trouble the Empire ? 
Yes. Under Attila, their chief, who styled 

himself the Scourge of God, and had ravaged the 
Eastern Empire but was bribed to depart, the 
Huns marched towards the West. Having laid 
waste the North of Italy, Attila approached the 
gates of Rome and demanded the sister of the 
Emperor for his harem. Here he was bravely 
met by S. Leo the Great, vested in full pontifical 
robes, who persuaded Attila to leave, and take the 
dowry instead of the princess. 

20. Did S. Leo's brave act succeed ? 

Yes. Attila recognized in it the fulfilment of 



THE COUXCIL OF CHALCEDOX. 101 

a dream, and departed, leaving Rome unharmed. 
Shortly afterwards he burst a blood vessel, and at 
his death, the Hunnic power came to an end. 

21. Who were the Vandals ? 

The Vandals were a tribe from the north of 
Europe, or Germany, who had established them- 
selves in Spain. In 430 a jealous governor of the 
Roman Empire in African invited Genseric, their 
chief, to come over and avenge his wrongs. He 
did so, and besieged Hippo, the city of S. Augus- 
tine, who died there during the siege. Some 
years after he marched against Rome, and he 
was likewise met by the brave S. Leo who com- 
manded him to retire. The city, however, was 
betrayed by the Empress later on, and Genseric 
destroyed everything made of precious metal, and 
sold thousands of Romans into slavery. 

22. How did the Western Empire finally fall ? 

In a. d. 476 the Gothic king of North Italy de- 
posed Augustulus, the last Emperor of Rome ; 
and so the Western Empire, of which that city 
was the capital, fell and became the prey of bar- 
barous nations. 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

MONASTICISM. 

1. What do you meayi by Monasticism ? 

By Monasticism is meant a state of life entirely 
devoted to the service of God in obedience to 
His call, and in which are given up all the con- 
cerns of this world. 

2. hi what manner teas this Xict of devotion 
made ? 

Usually by binding one's self by the vows of 
Chastity and Poverty, to which was added that of 
obedience to a superior when others were associated 
in the same life. Hence it was called the Re- 
ligious, or bound life. 

3. Did those who were thus dedicated live entire- 
ly apart from the icorld ? 

No. In the earliest ages Virgins, as they were 
called, apparently lived in their parents' houses ; 
but in after times when opportunity offered, they 
found it more conducive to their strictness of life 
to retire from the world, as did S. John Baptist, 
and others of old (xvi: 11). 

4. What two special modes of the Monastic life 
were adopted ? 

The solitary or Hermit life, of which S. Paul 
the Hermit was the founder ; and the Community 



MONASTICISM. 103 

life, whose origin in Christian times is attributed 
to S. Anthony (xxix: 4). 

5. Which was the older of them ? 

The Hermit life was the original ; the Commun- 
ity life sprung from the custom of hermits occu- 
pying neighboring caves or cells, and meeting for 
sacred instruction or worship. 

6. What other great difference is there in these 
two kinds of life ? 

The Community life is a state of life under 
strict rule, and lasting on as long as new mem- 
bers join it ; the Hermit life had customs pecu- 
liar to each and died out with each individual. 

7. What strange phase of Hermit life appeared 
in the fifth century ? 

The Stylite, a pillar-hermit life, where the her- 
mit who adopted it spent his solitary years on the 
top of a pillar. 

8. Who was the first Pillar Saint of note ? 

S. Simeon, the stylite, lived thirty-seven years 
on a pillar. He added to its height from time to 
time as multitudes crowded around him for rever- 
ence, advice or curiosity, until it became sixty feet 
high with a room at the top, only one yard in 
diameter. 

9. Was not this a mark of pride ? 

Many others followed his example and became 
stylites, but were so puffed up with pride that the 
Church condemned the practice. But in S. Sim- 



104 CATECHISM OP CHURCH HISTORY. 

eon's case his humility was put to the test and 
proved. After he had already spent many years 
on his pillar, an Abbot ordered him to descend 
from it, and lead an ordinary life. He was about 
to comply immediately, when the messenger bade 
him forbear, satisfied with his obedience, and per- 
ceiving him to be divinely called to that life. 

10. Was not this a very idle, profitless life ? 

It became so in his imitators, but was not so in 
the case of S. Simeon. He preached twice a day 
to an innumerable concourse, was a great upholder 
of the Catholic Faith against heresies, and 
prayed night and day, interceding for the Church 
and the conversion of the world. 

11. In what age did he live ? 

S. Simeon the stylite died A. d. 459. 

12. Who was the great founder of the Commun- 
ity life in later days ? 

S. Benedict, who was called the Father of all 
Monks. 

IS. Relate his history. 

S. Benedict was a young Italian who at the age 
of fourteen fled from his home, and led a hermit's 
life for three years. On being discovered, he 
relinquished it, and some monks wanted him to 
rule over them. Some of them, however, rebelled 
against him and tried to poison him. His life 
was miraculously preserved, and leaving them, he 
retired to Subiaco, about forty miles from Rome, 



CHRISTIANITY 1ST ENGLAND. 105 

and founded twelve monasteries of twelve monks 
each. Here his life was again attempted by the 
jealous Priest of the neighborhood, and again 
miraculously preserved. So he left, and went to 
Monte Casino, where was an idol temple, which, 
having destroyed, he made the site of two chapels. 
The Order of Monks which he founded still 
flourishes. He died 21st March, a. d. 543. 

14, Who tvas S. Scholastica ? 

S. Scholastica was the sister of S. Benedict. 
She founded a Monastery for Women on Mount 
Casino, near her brother. Once every year she 
visited him outside his monastery, where they dis- 
coursed of Heavenly subjects. She died a month 
before him, and they were buried in the same 
grave. 

CHAPTER XXXIV. 

CHRISTIANITY IK ENGLAND. 

1. By whom was the Church founded in Eng- 
land ? 

It is not certain by whom Christianity was first 
preached in that country ; but probably by some 
British slaves, who had learned the Gospel in 
Rome, and possibly had been taught by S. Paul, 
while also a prisoner there. Some think he may 
himself have visited Britain, as he is said to have 
gone u to the utmost bounds of the west." 



106 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

2. What is the earliest account of Christianity 
in Britain ? 

Lucius, a Christian King in Britain, a. r>. 150, 
is said, by the Venerable Bede, a Church historian, 
to have sent to Rome for more Christian teachers. 
But this is not fully established as a fact. 

3. Who ivas the first British Martyr ? m 
Alban, who was beheaded A. D. 303, is called 

the Protomartyr of England (xix: 12). 

4. What other early evidence of Christianity in 
Britain have we ? 

British Bishops were present at the Council of 
Aries, A. D. 314, and at the General Council of 
Nicsea, a. d. 325. Pelagius, the Archheretic, a. d. 
400, was a British Monk. 

5. Did the Church in Britain flourish ? 

No. Harassed by the invasion of hostile tribes, 
the British sought for aid from other nations, 
who in turn became their spoilers, and drove 
them into the extreme west, Cornwall and Wales. 
Here alone the Faith was preserved, and that im- 
perfectly, while the paganism of the conquerors 
again prevailed in nearly all the rest of the island. 

6. How was the Faith revived in the rest of 
England ? 

S. Gregory the Great, Bishop of Rome, pitying 
the condition of some English slaves, and being 
himself unable to preach the Gospel in their 



CHRISTIANITY IN ENGLAND. 107 

country, sent one of his monks named Augustine 
to teach them, a. d. 597 (xxxvi: 7). 

7. What teas the result of S. Augustine's mis- 
sion to the English ? 

When S. Augustine arrived in Kent, Ethelbert, 
the king of that part, whose queen, Bertha, was a 
Christian, permitted him to preach in his domin- 
ions, and was finally himself baptized, whereupon 
many of his subjects followed his example. 

8. Did S. Augustine come across the representa- 
tives of the ancient British Church ? 

Yes. He was surprised to find that there was 
a Church already existing in the isle, although 
not flourishing ; so he invited the British Bishops 
to meet him to decide as to the best way of join- 
ing in converting the surrounding tribes, and for 
other questions. But, taking offence at what 
they judged to be S. Augustine's arrogance in not 
rising at their approach, they went away and re- 
fused to confer with him. 

9. What were among the chief peculiarities of 
the ancient Church in Britain ? 

They kept Easter on a Sunday indeed, hence 
they were not Quartodecimans ; but they were 
guided by a different and more ancient calendar 
than that of the Roman Church, and so Easter 
was not always observed on the same day of the 
month in both Churches. They had also differ- 
ent customs about baptizing ; and the clergy 



108 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

wore the tonsure, that is cut their hair according 
to ecclesiastical use, in a different manner. 

10. What Liturgy did they use ? 

The ancient British Church used the Asiatic 
Liturgy of S. John, which had been brought to 
them by S. Germanus, of Auxerre. S. Augustine 
brought over the Liturgy revised by S. Gregory, 
but adopted much of the ancient British use, 
compiling a Liturgy for their special worship, and 
which is the germ of our present Prayer Books. 

11. How is this S. Augustine distinguished from 
S. Augustine of Hippo ? 

He is called S. Augustine of Canterbury, being 
the first Archbishop of that See, whom all Arch- 
bishops of Canterbury to the present day, succeed 
in unbroken line. 

12. Give the dates of the tivo S. Augustines ? 

S. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, and Father of 
the Church, died 28th of August, a. d. 430. S. 
Augustine, of Canterbury, died May 26th, A. D. 
604. 

13. Who teas S. Ninian ? 

S. Ninian, the Apostle of South Scotland, was 
the son of a bordering British prince. He was 
consecrated at Rome, Missionary Bishop for the 
heathen Scottish Tribes. He built Whit-Church, 
the first stone church in the British Isles, in hon- 
or of his friend S. Martin of Tours, who had re- 
cently died. He died 16th of September, a. d. 432. 



CHRISTIANITY IN FRANCE. 109 

14. Who teas S. Patrick ? 

S. Patrick, the xlpostle of Ireland, was the son 
of a Gaelic, or else a Gallic Deacon. At the age 
of sixteen he was carried away as a slave to the 
kingdom of Ulster, in Ireland, and made to tend 
sheep. After six years he escaped, but was again 
taken and again restored to his parents. Moved 
by an interior voice to seek the land of his cap- 
tivity, he tore himself away from his home to 
preach the Gospel in Ireland. He died there 17th 
of March, a. d. 464. 

15. Who was S. David ? 

S. Dewi, or David, the patron of Wales, was 
said to have been the son of a Welch prince. He 
was ordained Priest and founded twelve monas- 
teries in Wales. Being consecrated Bishop while 
on a pilgrimage, he returned to his own country 
and preached against Pelagianism. He was ap- 
pointed Archbishop and Metropolitan of the 
Church in Britain. He died very aged, March 1st, 
a. D. 544. 

CHAPTER XXXV. 

CHRISTIANITY IN FRANCE. 

1. By ivhom teas the Church founded in France ? 

It is not certain by whom Christianity was first 
preached in Gaul ; but there was so flourishing a 
Church there A. D. 177, that while the rest of 



110 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

Christendom had peace, there was a great perse- 
cution at Lyons and Vienne, and forty-eight con- 
fessed Christ there as martyrs. 

2. What important early Synod teas held in this 
country ? 

A Synod was held in Aries, A. d. 314, at which 
a great part of the Western Church was present, 
including three Bishops from Britain. 

3. What ivas the object of the Synod of Aries ? 
It was summoned to put an end to the Donatist 

Schism. 

4. What was the Donatist Schism ? 

A Bishop named Donatus caused a schism in 
the Church by abjuring Communion with Caecil- 
ian, of Carthage, because he had been consecrated 
by a traitor (xix: 8), and choosing another in his 
place. They became a gloomy fanatical sect, and 
did not finally die out for nearly a hundred years. 

5. What did the Synod of Aries effect ? 

It condemned the Donatists ; settled the ques- 
tion as to the day for observing the festival of 
Easter, as we now have it, and as it was after- 
wards established at Nicaea (xxvii: 10), and that 
as to the validity of Baptism by heretics. 

6. Who teas S. Germanus of Auxerre ? 

S. Germanus was the duke or governor of that 
part of Gaul, as a man of fashion and a great 
sportsman. Having been rebuked by the Bishop of 
Auxerre for following a heathen custom, he threat- 



CHRISTIANITY IK FRANCE. Ill 

ened his life. Shortly after, the aged Bishop feel- 
ing his end approaching, named Germanus, as 
yet unconverted, as his successor. Summoning 
all to the Church, the Bishop with his clergy and 
others surrounded Germanus, and forcibly vested 
him as a monk, bidding him wear his habit unde- 
fined. He at once became a changed man, and on 
the death of the Bishop was unanimously chosen 
as his successor, for which he was constrained to 
be ordained Priest, and then consecrated Bishop 
of Auxerre. 

7. Had S. Germanus any connection with Eng- 
land ? 

Yes. At the request of the British Church he, 
with S. Lupus, Bishop of Troyes, was sent toBrit- 
ain to put down the Pelagian Heresy (xxiii: 17). 
He introduced the Gallican Liturgy there about 
a. d. 429 (xxxiv: 10). 

8. What was the Hallelujah victory ? 

It is said that while S. Germanus and Lupus 
were in Britain, they led out the British army 
against some Pictish and Saxon invaders. Be- 
fore the battle, which took place after Holy 
Week, a temporary church was erected for Easter, 
and the army put under religious instruction, and 
afterwards many were baptized. When the 
enemy came on, the British army thrice shouted 
the war cry u Hallelujah," which, being re-echoed 
in the neighboring hills, caused such consterna- 



112 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

tion among the invaders that they fled in a panic, 
and many were drowned in the river, thus giving 
the British an easy victory. 

9. Who was S. Clovis ? 

S. Clovis, or Louis, as the name of his descend- 
ants was spelt, was the first Christian king of the 
Franks, and the founder of the French kingdom. 
He was converted by his wife Clotilda on having 
obtained a victory over his enemies by calling on 
Christ for aid. His baptism, like that of Ethel- 
bert's, was followed by that of many of his sub- 
jects (xxxiv: 7). It is said that once on hearing 
the history of our Lord's Passion read by S. 
Remy, he cried out in his simple zeal and indigna- 
tion, that had he and his Franks been there, they 
would not have suffered Christ to be taken by the 
wicked Jews. The title "the eldest son of the 
Church," borne by succeeding French kings, was 
first bestowed upon him. He built the ancient 
church of N6tre Dame, in Paris. He lived A. D. 
500. 

CHAPTER XXXVI. 

SECOND COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE, A. D. 553. 

1. Why was the Second Council of Constanti- 
nople summoned ? 

Justinian, Emperor of the East, summoned a 
Council at Constantinople, a. d. 553, to determine 



SECOND COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 113 

a controversy concerning some writings which 
savored of Nestorianism. 

2. What did it effect ? 

It confirmed the decrees of the first Four Gen- 
eral Councils, and added anathemas against the 
writings in question, and other Nestorian errors. 
It was thus a kind of appendix to the Council of 
Ephesus. 

3. For ivhat is Justinian celebrated ? 
Justinian, surnamed the Great, is celebrated for 

the collection of Roman laws which he caused to 
be made, and which are the basis of most Euro- 
pean and Christian legislation. He also rebuilt 
from its ruins, by fire, and beautified the church 
of Saint Sophia, or the Divine Wisdom, which 
Constantine had founded at Constantinople. It 
has since, and is still, profaned as a Mohammadan 
mosque (xlv: 12). 

4. Was he a Catholic ? 

Yes ; he was a firm supporter of the Catholics, 
although his wife, who had been a very immodest 
actress, was a heretic. Under him, Belisarius, his 
great general, (who in his old age was blinded by 
the jealous Emperor and reduced to beggary, 
although he had twice saved Rome from her 
enemies) regained Carthage and the North of 
Italy from the Arian Goths and restored the 
Catholic worship. 



114 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

5. What other country was reclaimed about this 
time from Arian rule ? 

Recared, the Gothic and Arian King of Spain 
became converted to the Catholic Faith in 587 A. 
D., and was followed by many of his Gothic sub- 
jects. In order to accustom the new Arian con- 
verts to the Catholic Religion, the Creed of S. 
Athanasius was sung in church. 

6. What Spanish Council is celebrated for its 
act at this period ? 

The Synod of Toledo, a. d. 589, added to the 
Article u The Holy Ghost who proceedeth from 
the Father," the clause u and the Son" (Filioque) 
(xxviii: 6). 

7. Relate the history of S. Gregory the Great. 
S. Gregory was a nobleman of Rome, who gave 

up the high position of Prastor and became a 
monk in the order of S. Benedict. Having been 
much affected at the sight of some beautiful young 
English heathen slave lads, he set out on a mission 
to England, but was recalled by the Pope at the 
desire of the Roman people. When, soon after, 
he became Pope, he sent his monk, Augustine, to 
commence the work he so much yearned to accom- 
plish (xxxiv: 6). 

8. What otKer great works did he do for the 
Church besides sending S. Augustine to England ? 

He reformed the Church music, building two 
schools in Rome for the teaching of plain chant, 



MOHAMMAD. 115 

since called Gregorian. He revised and edited a 
Liturgy, abridging one formerly in use. He wrote 
many valuable works, especially a commentary 
on the Book of Job, and hence is called a Father 
of the Church. After a life of great humility 
and holiness he died, 12th March, a. d. 604. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

MOHAMMAD. 

1. What great Anti-Christian power arose in the 
seventh century ? 

The Mohammadan religion was founded in the 
seventh century, and continues to the present day 
one of the greatest enemies of Christianity. 

2. By whom was it founded ? 

The Mohammadan religion was founded by, 
and is named after, an Arabian called Mohammad, 
a. d. 622. 

3. Who teas Mohammad ? 
u Mukhammad," or u the desired one," as he 

called himself, was a noble but poor orphan of 
Mecca in Arabia, a descendant of Ishmael, who 
was brought up by relatives. Having married a 
widow whose steward he had been, he obtained 
great riches. Being much grieved at the idolatry 
and wickedness that he saw around him, he 
determined to work a reformation. 



116 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

4. Was not this praiseworthy ? 

His subsequent history shows him to have been 
an instrument of evil. When it serves his pur- 
pose, Satan can " transform himself into an angel 
of light" (2 Cor. xi: 14). 

5. How did he set himself to work this reforma- 
tion ? 

When he was about forty years of age, he retired 
into a wilderness near Mecca, to meditate on God's 
unity and other holy subjects. Here he endured 
great mental struggles, and had severe fits of 
epilepsy, during which he believed S. Gabriel, the 
archangel, was sent to reveal to him God's Will. 
These assumed revelations were supposed to be 
continued from time to time, to the end of his 
life. He therefore gave himself out to be the 
great prophet of God, to whom our Blessed Lord, 
as well as the prophets and Apostles, were inferior. 

6. Was he then a Christian heretic ? 

No. He was never a Christian ; but he mixed 
up Christianity and Judaism in his system, having 
been brought into contact with Jews and certain 
heretical Christian sects. 

7. Was his assumed call recognized ? 

At first his wife and some relations only acknowl- 
edged him, but in a few years, many others 
accepted him as their leader, especially after the 
Hegira. 

8. What was the Hegira ? 



MOHAMMAD. 117 

After some years of mingled success and perse- 
cution, Mohammad fled from some enemies who 
were resolved to murder him, and was received 
with enthusiasm by his adherents at a place after- 
wards called Medina, or the City. This flight, or 
Hegira, took place a. d. 622, and is the turning 
point of Mohammad's life, as it made him a pow- 
erful chief. His followers date from this era. 

9. Was this epoch marked by any other circum- 
stances ? 

Yes. From this time he began to extend his 
religion by the sword, giving the vanquished the 
choice of submission to it, or paying tribute, or 
suffering death. His life, too, was marked by 
cruelty, treachery and the gratification of his 
baser passions. 

10. What is the Koran ? 

The Koran, that is reading, or recitation, is a 
book of his pretended revelations, his laws, etc., 
which all his followers reverence as most sacred. 

11. Did Mohammadism make rapid progress ? 
Yes. Islam, that is peace or submission, as the 

religion of Mohammad is properly styled, made 
terrible progress. In little more than a hundred 
years after his death, which happened a. d. 632, 
the Holy Land, Persia, Western Asia, Egypt, 
almost all Africa as then known, and Spain, were 
conquered by the Muslim, or followers of Islam. 
And until the seventeenth century, when their 



118 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

power was broken by Russia, they were adding 
other countries. 

12. How great a part of the world at present is 
Mohammadan in religion ? 

Islam owns about one hundred million adher- 
ents, that is one-thirteenth of the world's popula- 
tion, but less than a third of the Christian people. 

13. What is the Muslim watchword or creed ? 
There is but one God ; and Mohammad is His 

prophet. 



CHAPTER XXXVIIT. 

THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE, A. D. 680. 

1. Why was the Third Council of Constantinople 
summoned ? 

The Third Council of Constantinople was sum- 
moned by the Emperor Constantine Pogonatus, 
or the Bearded one, A. d. 680, to consider the 
Monothelite Heresy. 

2. What was the Monothelite Heresy ? 

The Monothelite taught that after the Incarna- 
tion, our Lord had only one Will, namely the 
Divine Will, although they allowed He had two 
distinct Natures. 

3. What is the Catholic doctrine on this subject ? 
As our Lord has two distinct natures, so has He 

two distinct faculties of willing, belonging to 



THIRD COUNCIL OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 119 

each. But inasmuch as He is but one person, so 
both wills act together, that is, the human will 
acts in accordance with the divine will. 

4. What remarkable condemnation was passed 
by this Council ? 

The Third Council of Constantinople anathem- 
atised Pope Honorius, a recent Bishop of Rome, 
who had favored Monothelitism. 

5. What celebrated British Bishop was present 
at this Council ? 

5. Wilfred, the only British Bishop whose 
name appears among the signatures of any of the 
(Ecumenical Councils, signed the acts of this one. 

6. Who was S. Wilfred ? 

S. Wilfred was a young English monk who 
argued strenuously for the disuse of the British 
customs, and finally prevailed. He became Arch- 
bishop of York, and as such, sat at the Council of 
Constantinople in 680, a. d. 

7. How were the British and Boman jealousies 
healed ? 

The British and Roman jealousies, which began 
when S. Augustine met the British Bishops in 
603, a. d., were not healed till 669, a. d., when 
Theodore, a Greek of Tarsus in Asia, was conse- 
crated Archbishop of Canterbury, who being a 
foreigner was neutral. It was he who divided 
England into sees and parishes. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

SECOND COUNCIL OF NICCEA, A. D 787. 

1. Why was the Second Council of Niccea sum* 
iimned ? 

The Second Council of Nicaea was summoned 
by the Empress, Irene, a. d. 787, to reverse the 
decrees of a previous Synod, held at Constanti- 
nople thirty-three years before, in which all use of 
sacred imagery was condemned as idolatry; and 
to put down Iconoclasm. 

2. What ivas Iconoclasm ? 

Iconoclasm, or the breaking of images, was the 
name given to the fanatical and irreverent des- 
truction of all sacred imagery, which was set on 
foot by the Emperor Leo, the Isaurian, a. d. 726, 
and carried on for sixty years, under his succes- 
sors, with much violence and cruelty. 

3. What ivas the cause of this ? 

There was a growing tendency to pay a super- 
stitious reverence to sacred pictures, even extend- 
ing to the paint with which they were colored. 
Hence a natural reaction set in. 

4. In what terms was the use of sacred imagery 
sanctioned by the Second Council of Niccea ? 

It was decreed that the pictures, whether painted 
or of mosaic work, of our Lord, the Virgin Mary, 



SECOND COUNCIL OF STIC^A. 121 

angels and saints, were to be set up for adoration, 
with kissing and due honor, as the figure of the 
Cross was honored ; and that incense and lights 
were to be offered before them as of old. 

5. How was this defended ? 

The decree went on to say that the honor paid 
to the image passed on to its subject, so that he 
who honored the former, adored in it the person 
whom it represented. 

6. Was this Council universally accepted as 
(Ecumenical ? 

For centuries there was a great controversy 
about it in the West. Synods were held in order 
to consider its authority, especially one at Frank- 
fort, under Charlemagne, a. d. 794, in which it 
was rejected and its acts reversed. And it seems 
that so little was it recognized, that the older vol- 
umes of the Councils of the Church do not con- 
tain the acts of this Council of Nicaea, nor were 
they published, says Bellarmine, until his own 
time, which was long after the Reformation. 

7. What may be said in justification of the strong 
language in which it permitted image reverence ? 

The Council was held in a country, where, and 
during an age in which, the most extravagant acts 
of homage were paid to persons of distinction ; 
so that it did not seem meet to the Easterns to 
honor the sacred images with less outward respect 
than was given to individuals. 



122 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

8. To what did this disagreement in the Churches 
concerning images point ? 

To a growing separation between the East and 
West of Christendom, which was further widened 
by the Photian Schism, as it was called. 

9. What ivas the Photian Schism ? 
Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, a. d. 846, 

was deposed on the false charge of high treason, 
'and a learned layman, named Photius, was hurried 
into the priesthood and consecrated in his place. 
Each being recognized as rightful Patriarch- by 
his own party, Photius appealed to Rome ; and 
Roman legates, at Constantinople, confirmed 
Ignatius' deposition and imprisoned him. The 
Pope, however, refused to acknowledge their act, 
and restored Ignatius. Photius and the Emperor 
then accused the Pope of disobedience to the 
ancient canons, and Photius excommunicated him. 
But a new Emperor restored Ignatius, and deposed 
Photius. At the death of Ignatius, Photius was 
again reinstated, but he finally again fell, and 
died in exile, A. D. 891. 

10. Has an Eighth General Council been held ? 

No. The Latins call the Synod at Constanti- 
nople, in which Photius was condemned, the 
Eighth General Council ; while the Greeks reckon 
as the Eighth, one which was held in the same 
city ten years afterwards, and which anathem- 
atised the former, the Papal legates themselves, 
joining in the anathema. 



CHAPTER XL, 

CHRISTIANITY IN THE NORTH OF EUROPE. 

1. By whom were the Churches in the Norih of 

Europe founded? 

Several missionaries preached the Gospel in the 
North of Europe, in different centuries. S. 
Willibrord, an English Benedictine monk, accom- 
panied by eleven companions, spent fifty years of 
his life preaching in Friesland, Denmark and 
Holland. He died, a. d. 738, after having met 
with remarkable success. 

2. By wham were the Churches in Germany 
founded ? 

S. Boniface, also an English monk of the same 
Order of Saint Benedict, is called the i% Apostle of 
Germany," ' having preached there. He establish- 
ed Monasteries, including a very flourishing one 
at Fulda, and founded four Bishoprics. He was 
martyred, with fifty-two others, by a band of 
heathen, while confirming some new converts in 
the open air, a. d. 755. 

3. Who texts S. Anskar ? 

S. Anskar was a monk, who spent the best part 
of his life in preaching the Gospel in Sweden and 
other northern countries. His practice was to 
purchase slave boys and train them in his semin- 



124 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

aries. After a life of many trials and disappoint- 
ments, he died, February 2, a. d. 865. 

4. By whom was the Gospel preached in Bul- 
garia ? 

Bogoris, the prince of that country, had been 
instructed in the faith by a captive monk, and, 
after long delay, baptized. He, however, retained 
some of his idols until he was frightened into 
abandoning them by a picture of the last judg- 
ment, which S. Methodius, a monk, had painted 
in his hall. After his conversion, which was 
followed by the baptism of a number of his sub- 
jects, he was distracted by the claims of rival 
Churches, and sent to Nicholas L, the Pope of 
Rome, for teachers, about a. d. 865. 

5. Wltat did Pope Nicholas do ? 

He sent him two Bishops, with a letter, which 
threw such a slight upon the Eastern Church, that 
it tended to widen the separation between East 
and West, already beginning. 

6. Did S. Methodius do missionary work in any 
other country besides Bulgaria ? 

Yes. Probably he is the same as a monk of 
that name who preached in Moravia, and in 
Bohemia. 

7. How was Christianity introduced into Mo- 
ravia ? 

A prince of Moravia begged S. Methodius and 
his brother, Cyril, to teach him, and his people, in 



CHRISTIANITY IX THE NORTH OF EUROPE. 125 

his own tongue. They went, and finding the 
Moravians had no written language, they invent- 
ed an alphabet for them, now called the Slavonic, 
and translated the Bible and Liturgy into it. 
This Liturgy of SS. Cyril and Methodius is still 
used in Russia. 

8. When teas the Gospel preached to the Bo- 
hemians ? 

It is said that a Bohemian chief, visiting the 
Moravian court, was assigned a place on the floor 
during dinner, as being a heathen. S. Methodius, 
who was present, told him that Christianity w^ould 
exalt him above all kings and princes ; whereupon 
he and thirty companions were baptized. 

9. Who teas S. Wenceslas ? 

u Good King Wenceslas" was the grandson of 
this Bohemian duke and was brought up by him. 
He was a very good and merciful prince, and did 
much for the conversion of his people. He was 
murdered by his own brother on his way to 
church, and died praying for his forgiveness, 
a. d. 936. 

10. When teas Christianity introduced into 
Russia ? 

Ignatius, the rival of Photius, is said to have 
consecrated a Bishop for the Russians, but 
Paganism seems to have become all but universal, 
until the time of Queen Olga, of Novogorod, who 
was baptized, a. d. 955. 



126 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

11. Did Christianity at once spread there ? 

No. Her own son was ashamed to change his 
religion ; but his son and successor, Vladimir, 
sent some envoys to report on the various religions 
of Europe. The account they brought back of 
the magnificent ritual at Constantinople so struck 
him, that he obtained the hand of a Greek princess 
in marriage, and became a Christian. 

12. What is said of the rapid conversion of 
Vladimir's Russian subjects ? 

On his return to his country, he publicly 
destroyed a famous idol ; and his people had such 
faith in the wisdom of his change of religion that 
a general baptism of the population took place. 
The people stood in the water, and the priests 
baptized them, naming them by companies. This 
happened about A. D. 1000. 

13. When was Christianity introduced in 
Poland ? 

Probably Poland was visited by Greek mission- 
aries from Moravia ; but it soon became subject 
to Latin rule, and in early times paid the tax of 
Peter's pence. 

14. What was the tax of Peter's pence ? 

A yearly tribute of a penny per head, exclusive 
of the nobles and clergy, which was paid to the 
treasury of S. Peter's Church at Rome. 



CHAPTER XLI. 

SCHISM BETWEEN EAST AXD WEST CHRISTENDOM. 

1. What was the immediate cause of the Schism 
between the East and West of Christendom ? 

Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, 
ordered one of the Bishops, under his jurisdiction, 
in South Italy, to give up using unleavened bread 
in the Eucharist, and closed some Churches in 
Constantinople for the same custom. The Pope, 
Leo IX, thereupon sent three legates to Constanti- 
nople to try and make peace. Instead, they tried 
to force Cerularius to submit. On his refusing 
to do so, denying that the Pope of Rome had any 
authority in his Patriarchate, they excommuni- 
cated Cerularius. and all his followers, from fellow- 
ship with the Latin, or Roman Catholic Church, 
a. d. 1054. 

2. How long did this division between East and 
West last ? 

It is still unhealed. The East and West, or as 
they are now generally called, the Greek and the 
Roman Catholic Churches, are yet outwardly 
divided and separated. 

3. Had any previous circumstances tended 
toward 4his separation ? 

Yes. The natural division between the East 



128 CATECHISM OF CHUKCH HISTORY. 

and West Empires, and the distinct characteris- 
tics and customs of these two peoples ; the con- 
troversy about Easter ; and later that about 
image-worship ■ and the Photian Schism all 
tended towards it. It was further increased by 
the growing corruptions in the Latin Church ; 
the rival Popes, the jealousy caused by the East- 
ern Christians not joining in the Crusades, and 
being treated by the Crusaders as enemies, and 
above all, by the insertion of the "Filioque" 
clause in the Nicene Creed without the authority 
of a General Council. 

4. Is this division a serious loss to the Church ? 
Yes. Besides the great sin of Schism in the 

body of Christ, the divided Church gave Satan 
a greater power, especially in heathen lands 
where their rival claims were set up before enquir- 
ers. The West lost the conservative spirit of the 
East in its clinging to the ancient doctrine and 
practice of the Church ; and the East lost the 
fervor and missionary zeal for which the West 
was celebrated. 

5. What break is made in Church History by 
this division of East and West ? 

From the eleventh century, Church History 
becomes a record of facts in connection with the 
different parts of the Church, rather than the 
growth of the Church as a whole. 

6. On whom must the sin of schism rest ? 



SCHISM BETWEEN EAST AXD WEST. 129 

The Latin Church is clearly responsible for the 
sin of schism, for it was caused by its intolerant 
assumption of a power to which it was not 
entitled. 

7. What power did the Latin Church assume? 
They assumed the primacy given by our Blessed 

Lord to S. Peter, to be bestowed upon him and his 
successors as Bishops of Rome. Hence they 
claimed for the Roman Church a supreme power 
over the rest of Christendom, and at last arro- 
gantly demanded that all should submit to it in 
doctrine and practice ; so that any branch of the 
Church which refused to do this was cut off from 
communion with it. Thus, the Roman Catholic 
Church assumed that it alone represented the 
Church founded by Christ, and that all who did 
not yield to it were schismatics or heretics, out- 
side the body of Christ. 

8. What is the fundamental dilemma of this 
assumption ? 

The words of our Blessed Lord "Thou art 
Peter and upon this rock I will build My Church" 
(S. Matt: xvi:18) by no means necessarily imply 
that the Rock was S. Peter himself, as represent- 
ing the Church founded by him ; but rather the 
faith of the Divinity of Christ which he had just 
asserted, or Christ Himself, for ' God is the Rock ' 
(Deut: xxxii: 4). Moreover there is no sure proof 
that S. Peter ever was Bishop of Rome, although 



130 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

it is more certain that he was Bishop of Antioch ; 
and S. Paul, writing to the Romans three years 
before he and S. Peter were martyred, implies 
that they had no Bishop at that time ; as he says 
he l longed to impart some spiritual gift to them, 
and was ready to preach the Gospel to them 1 
(Rom: i: 11,15). While further on he declares 
he would not c build upon another man's founda- 
tion' (chap: xv : 20), which he would have been 
doing had S. Peter been Bishop of Rome then. 

9. What practical difficulty in the assumed suc- 
cession of S. Peter arose in the Roman Church ? 

Some of the Popes were elected by bribery, and 
were infamous for their scandalous living. This, 
increased by the jealousy of nations from whom 
Popes had not been selected; and by other causes, 
brought about the election of rival Popes. In a. 
d. 1024, just before the time of the Great Schism, 
there were no less than four Popes, each claiming 
to be the only true successor and representative 
of S. Peter, and anathematizing the others as anti- 
popes and usurpers. 

10. How many anti-popes have there been ? 
The number of anti-popes has been variously 

calculated ; it is probable that there were as many 
as forty. 

11. Who was the first anti-pope ? 

The first anti-pope was Novation, A. D. 251, the 
author of the Novatian Schism. 



THE CKUSADES. 131 

12. When was the last anti-pope ? 

The last anti-pope was in A. d. 1438, before 
which time there had been rival popes for fifty 
years in succession. 



CHAPTER XLII. 

THE CRUSADES. 

1. What ivere the Crusades ? 

The Crusades were eight wars undertaken by 
Christian nations of the West, at different times 
from A. D. 1095 to 1270, to endeavor to deliver 
Jerusalem, and its holy shrines, out of the hands 
of the Muslims, who had taken it a. d. 638. 

2. Why were these ivars so called ? 

They were called Crusades, because those who 
engaged in them wore a cross of red cloth upon 
the shoulder. So great merit was supposed to be 
obtained by them ; that to die a crusader was held 
to be almost equivalent to dying a martyr. 

3. Did they succeed in taking Jerusalem ? 
During the first Crusade, A. D. 1095, Jerusalem 

was taken, and Godfrey de Bouillon was made 
King ; but as the Holy Land was properly a part 
of the Eastern Empire it caused jealousy ; and the 
Pope widened the Schism between East and West 
by intruding a Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, 



132 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

although there was one already, and always had 
been. 

4. Did the Christians retain Jerusalem ? 

No ; the evil lives of Christians who remained 
in the city became a scandal, and Saladin, a brave 
and upright Muslim, Sultan of Egypt, regained 
it in the third Crusade, A. D. 1186. At the sixth 
Crusade, A. D. 1223, it was given to Frederick, 
King of Sicily ; whom the Pope had excommun- 
icated; and in 1260, before the eighth and last 
Crusade, the Latins were driven out by the Greeks. 

5. In whose poiver is it now ? 

The Holy Land has been in Mohammadan pos- 
session ever since A. d. 1291, whan Acre was taken 
from the Christians. 

6. Why did the Crusades cease ? 

They were kept up by successive bursts of 
enthusiasm, but died out as the ardor cooled, and 
failed miserably. 

7. What new development of Church life grew 
out of the Crusades ? 

The military orders of Knights Hospitallers, 
Templars and others, combining the soldier and 
the monk or cleric, arose out of the Crusades ; 
the natural outcome of an age of religious senti- 
ment and enthusiasm. 



CHAPTER XLIII. 

FOUNDERS OF ORDERS, THE SCHOOLMEN, ETC. 

1. What remarkable Saints lived during these 
times ? 

S. Bernard of Clairvaux, S. Anselm and S. 
Thomas a Becket, whose stories belong rather to 
English History, S. Dominic, S. Francis of 
Assisi, and S. Thomas Aquinas, lived between 
1150 and 1250 a. d. 

2. Who was S. Bernard ? 

S. Bernard, called the "Last of the Fathers," 
from the purity of his writings, was a young 
noble who prevailed upon thirty companions, in- 
cluding his own brothers, to enter with him, the 
abbey of Citeaux in Burgundy, which had lately 
been founded by a holy English monk, S. Stephen 
Harding. They were soon sent to build another 
monastery at Clairvaux, of which S. Bernard was 
chosen first Abbot. Here they lived in great 
simplicity and poverty. He was chosen Bishop 
more than once, but put himself at the disposal 
of his monks who kept him to themselves. He 
was so renowned for wisdom and holiness that he 
was consulted by kings and popes. It was he 
who preached the second Crusade. He died 20th 
August, a. d. 1153. 



134 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

3. Who was S. Dominic ? 

S. Dominic was a Spaniard of noble birth, who, 
alarmed at the growing heresy of the Albigens- 
ians, founded an Order of Preachers, which still 
exists and is called after his name, to combat this 
heresy. Unfortunately, misled by his own Span- 
ish enthusiasm and the spirit of the times, he 
endeavored to put it down by persecution, and for 
this purpose revived the Inquisition. But in per- 
sonal holiness, he was most eminent. He died 
4th August, a. d. 1222. 

4. Who were the Alhigensians ? 

The Albigensians, so called from the town of 
Albi, in France, where a synod was held which 
condemned them, were persons who adopted 
Manichsean views as to the origin of good and 
evil. Numerous sects which arose in the South 
of France and North of Italy during the twelfth 
and thirteenth centuries, were comprised under 
this title. 

5. What teas the Inquisition ? 

The Inquisition, or search after heretics, was 
probably founded in the time of the Emperor 
Justinian, since the office of Inquisitor, then a 
layman, is mentioned in his Laws. During, and 
after the time of S. Dominic, it had the power of 
punishing heretics, and the crudest tortures were 
at times resorted to. Its work, later still, was 



FOUNDERS OF ORDERS, ETC. 135 

carried on in secret, and amid the most revolting 
accompaniments of treachery, and brutality. 

6. Who teas S. Francis of Assist ? 

S. Francis of Assisi was the son of a rich shop- 
keeper in Italy. After along illness he was con- 
verted from a life of worldly cares to one. of the 
closest walk with God. Giving up all he had to 
embrace a life of absolute poverty, his preaching 
and example won others to become his disciples, 
and he became the founder of a religious order, 
still existing, and now called after him, the 
Franciscans ; but named by him the Friars Minor, 
or Lesser Brothers. He was remarkable for his 
simplicity of conduct, which even the very birds 
and other dumb animals recognized, causing them 
to come to him without fear. " He was emphatic- 
ally the saint of the people ;" and the "Fioretti," 
a little book which contains the story of his life 
and the foundation of his Order, was in the hands 
and mouth of every Italian peasant. He lived to 
see hundreds belonging to his Order ; and died 
aged forty-five, 4th October, 1226, murmuring 
" welcome, sister death. 1 ' 

7. Who was S. Thomas Aquinas ? 

S. Thomas, of Aquin, in Italy, called the 
u Angelical Doctor," was a Dominican friar who 
wrote a remarkable Summary of Theology, and 
Commentaries on the Epistles of S. Paul, and the 
Gospels. He is the chief of those writers who 



136 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

were afterwards called the u Schoolmen," or 
Scholastic Doctors, on account of the schools 
connected with Cathedrals, in which they lectured. 
S. Thomas Aquinas died in 1274. 

8. Name some others of the principal Schoolmen. 
Albertus Magnus, also a Dominican, and the 

master of S. Thomas Aquinas ; and S. Bonaven- 
ture, called the Seraphic Doctor, a Franciscan, 
were both contemporaries with S. Thomas, and 
voluminous writers. John Duns Scotus, the 
Subtle Doctor, also a Franciscan, was, as his sur- 
name implies, a Scotchman. He maintained 
opinions contrary to S. Thomas, so that two 
schools of Scholastic Theology arose, called the 
Thomists and Scotists. He and others, who were 
less renowned were of a somewhat later date. 

9. What was the great fault in the teaching of 
the Schoolmen ? 

They gave the Bible a second place as an 
authority for doctrine ; and laid too great stress 
upon human teaching and argument. 

10. What important Synod teas held towards 
the close of the thirteenth century ? 

The second Synod of Lyons, called by the 
Romans the fourteenth General Council, and to 
which both S. Thomas Aquinas (who, however, 
died on the way) and S. Bonaventure were 
invited, was summoned by Pope Gregory X., A. 
D. 1274. 



FOUNDERS OF ORDERS, ETC. 137 

11. Why teas this Synod summoned ? 

The chief object of the second Synod of Lyons 
was to endeavor to bring the Greek Church into 
union with the Roman. 

12. How far teas this result effected ? 

The Greek representatives admitted everything, 
including the primacy of the Roman See ; and the 
two Churches were formally reconciled. 

13. Was this reunion permanent ? 

Xo. The consent of the Greeks to the Roman 
claims was wrung from them by the violence of 
their Emperor, Michael Paloeologus, who wanted 
the alliance of the Roman power. On his death, 
eight years afterwards, the Churches were more 
separated than ever, and all evidences of con- 
formity with Rome were treated with execration. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

FORESHADOWING OF THE REFORMATION. 

1. What teas the chief cause of the Reformation ? 
The growing corruption of the Roman Church, 

and its tolerance of abuses, after they had been 
exposed and remedies sought in vain, all tended 
to bring about the Reformation. 

2. What effect had this apathy of the Roman 
Church and its tolerance of abuses upon those who 
desired its reform ? 



138 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

Many were chafed by it and became impatient, 
blindly confusing principles with abuses. 

3. Who was John Wickliff? 

John Wickliff was a doctor of the University 
of Oxford, towards the latter end of the four- 
teenth century, and afterwards Rector of Lutter- 
worth, in Leicestershire. He vehemently opposed 
the unscrupulous proselytizing and covetousness 
of the Mendicant friars, or monks, who lived by 
begging ; and denounced the Pope as worst of 
all. He died a. d. 1384. 

4. Give some account of his teaching. 

He opposed the compulsory celibacy of the 
clergy ; declared the supremacy of the Scriptures 
in matters of Faith ; combated a Scholastic doc- 
trine of the Eucharist, and reprobated Indigen- 
cies. On the other hand he appears to have held 
erroneous views on Confirmation, the denial of 
man's free will, unlawful marriage, and the inval- 
idity of the ministerial acts of sinful priests. He 
especially found fault with the worldliness and 
arrogance of the hierarchy from the Pope down- 
wards. 

5. What ivas his chief ivork ? 

He translated the whole Bible into English, a. 
d. 1380. 

6. What was meant at this time by " Indigen- 



cies 



"2 



After the age of the Martyrs, when the pen- 



FORESHADOWING OF THE REFORMATION. 139 

ances of the lapsed were mitigated at the interces- 
sion of the confessors (xviii: 1), a new doctrine 
was invented, that there was a great store of 
merit laid by from the lives of the great saints, 
which might be applied to their brethren on 
earth, and that the Pope, as God's Yicar or earthly 
representative, had power to draw upon this 
store. Thus, one who might have committed a 
sin, which in the time of the Persecutions would 
have required a penance of seven years before he 
could be restored to communion, could have this 
penance cancelled and be restored immediately 
upon performing certain conditions, usually of 
prayer or almsgiving. This was called an Indul- 
gence. 

7. What teas the effect of such teaching ? 

Not only is it utterly unwarrantable from 
Scripture, but it was capable, and soon became 
the cause, of a scandalous traffic ; friars and 
others sold " indulgences," relics, and other 
objects of devotion at exorbitant prices, imposing 
upon the credulity of the people (xlvi: 6). 

8. Who icere the Lollards ? 

u Lollard" was a nickname given to the follow- 
ers of Wickliff after his death. They developed 
what was doubtful or heretical in his teaching. 
Some taught that Ordination was not 'necessary 
for the consecration of the Eucharist, and that 
the sacraments were mere signs. 



140 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

9. What notice ivas taken of them ? 

After having made rapid progress, especially 
among the poor and ignorant, and adopting 
dangerous political views, the Government in 
Church and State was so alarmed that laws were 
passed against them, threatening the penalty of 
death, under which some were burned. None 
had been put to death in England for their relig- 
ion before this, except by the heathen. 

10. Who were the Waldensians ?. 

The Waldensians were a sect, or sects of 
reformers principally in France, who separated 
from the Church about the close of the twelfth 
century, holding it to be utterly corrupt. They 
permitted laymen, and even women to preach; 
they allowed confession to pious laymen, believ- 
ing the validity of the sacraments to depend upon 
the piety of the minister ; they rejected ritual 
ceremonies ; and, in general, much resembled 
more modern extreme sects of protestants. In 
morals, they were purer than many other relig- 
ious bodies which broke away from the Church 
during these times. 



CHAPTER XLV. 

THE SYNODS OF CONSTANCE, BASLE AND FLORENCE. 

1. What important Synods were held about this 
time ? 

The' Synods of Constance (a. d. 1414), Basle 
(1433), and Florence 1439). 

2. For what' was the Synod of Constance sum- 
moned ? 

The Synod of Constance was summoned A. D. 
1414, to endeavor to restore union to the Church, 
and to consider the heresies of Wickliff and others. 

3. How was the Roman Church especially dis- 
united at this time ? 

There were three rival Popes, one of whom, 
John XXIII., was living a scandalous life, and had 
been engaged in piracy. It was he who introdu- 
ced the nefarious sale of indulgences. 

4. What was done at this Synod ? 

The Synod of Constance decreed that a General 
Council was superior to the Pope, deposed all 
three Popes and declared the Papacy vacant. It 
condemned the writings of John Wickliff as here- 
tical, and scattered his ashes. It also condemned 
and burnt to death John Hus, a Bohemain refor- 
mer ; and the death of his friend, Jerome Prague, 
at the stake soon followed. It approved of the 



142 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

withdrawal of the Communion of the Blood of 
Christ in the Chalice. 

5. Did the Papal throne long remain vacant ? 
No. At first Sigismund the Emperor, and others 

who desired reform were anxious to obtain it from 
the Council, undeterred by the possible opposition 
of a Pope. They were however obliged to give 
way, and Martin V., a man of upright character 
was chosen. 

6. On ivhat grounds was the withdrawal of 
the Chalice from communicants justified ? 

By the doctrine of Concomitance, by which it 
is meant that the whole Christ, Body and Blood, 
Man and God, is contained in either species of 
Bread and Wine. But from a mistaken fear of 
irreverence that might be caused from drinking 
out of the Chalice, Christ's Institution was laid 
aside, as if He did not foresee the danger of such 
supposed irreverence, so as to provide against it. 

7. What was done at the Synod of Basle ? 

A Synod was held at Basle from 1431 to 1443 
A. D., in which the Emperor Sigismund and the 
reforming party, especially urged on by a Bohe- 
mian rebellion consequent on the death of Hus, 
desired to obtain that reform which the Council of 
Constance had not effected. It confirmed the 
decree of Constance as to the inferiority of the 
Pope to a General Council. Eugenius IV., the 
successor of Martin V., not allowing this inferior- 



SYNODS OF CONSTANCE, BASLE AND FLORENCE. 143 

ity, withdrew from Basle with his party, and held 
Synods elsewhere. vi 

8. Did those ivho sat at Basle, obey Eugenius' 
summons ? 

No. They deposed him, and elected Felix V. in 
his place. 

9. Was Felix V. generally recognized as Pope ? 
m No. He received but feeble support ; and 

finally submitted to the succession of Eugenius 
IV. He was the last of the Anti-popes ; and by 
his death the succession of Anti-popes for fifty 
years was ended. 

10. Why was the Synod of Florence summoned ? 
A Synod was held at Florence a. d. 1439 by 

Eugenius IV., in opposition to that which was 
still sitting at Basle. 

11. What was done at this Synod ? 

The Greek Emperor and some Eastern Bishops 
attended it, seeking the union of the two Churches. 
They submitted to Rome ; but the Synod was 
immediately denounced in the East, and those 
who had conformed to it were held as traitors. 

12. For what is the year 1453 remarkable ? 

On May 29, 1453, the Muslim Turks took Con- 
stantinople, profaned the great church of S. 
Sophia (xxxvi: 3), turning it into a Turkish 
mosque which it has continued to be ever since. 
They conquered the country now called Turkey, 
reducing it to Muslim rule. The last Greek 
Emperor fell during the siege. 



CHAPTER XLVI. 

THE REFORMATION. 

1. Wlio were the Popes who immediately preced- 
ed the Reformation ? 

Alexander VI., Pius III. (who only reigned 
twenty-six days), Julius II., and Leo X., were the 
Popes who immediately preceded the Reformation. 

2. What was the personal character oi Alexan- 
der IT. ? 

Alexander VI., whose family surname was Bor- 
gia, was a man steeped in vice. In order to pro- 
vide for the expensive luxuries of his many base- 
born children, he sold the most sacred offices of 
the Church and seized its property. During his 
reign Rome was so corrupt that murders and 
deeds of shame were frequent. His own chil- 
dren, Caesar, and Lucretia Borgia, were infamous 
for their wickedness. The Pope is supposed to 
have been poisoned by mistake, for his son. 

3. What was the character of Julus II.? 
Julius II. was also addicted to vice, especially a 

love of wine. He was a great warrior, and 
extended the temporal possessions of the Papacy, 
reducing the subjects of the Roman Church to 
obedience. 

4. What was the character of Leo X.? . 



THE REFORMATION. 145 

Leo X., son of the celebrated Lorenzo de'Medici, 
was a man of the world, a great supporter of the 
fine arts, with little apparent religion. He was 
passionately fond of hunting, gaming and delicate 
living. Like Alexander VI., he was guilty of 
nepotism, or unscrupulous provision for his rela- 
tives. He died very suddenly without having 
received the last sacraments. 

5. What great advantage did Leo X. gain for 
the papacy ? 

He obtained in 1516, the abolition of the Prag- 
matic Sanction of Bourges by which many priv- 
ileges, independent of Rome, had been long claimed 
for the Gallican, or French Church. 

6. Who was Martin Luther ? 

Martin Luther was a German Monk, whose 
indignation was aroused in 1517, by the scandal- 
ous traffic in Indulgences by Tetzel, the Pope's 
agent. Later, being roused by opposition, he 
enquired more closely into other papal abuses, 
and denied the supremacy of the Pope. Being, 
with his adherents, excommunicated for this, it 
became more easy for him to speak and write 
publicly ; and his opinions rapidly spread in Ger- 
many. Luther translated the Bible into German. 
Like some others of the reformers, his zeal and 
temper led him into indiscretion in word and act, 
and heresy in doctrine. One great blot in his life 
was his breaking his monastic vows and marrying 



146 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

a nun, who had committed a like sacrilege. He 
held many novel and erroneous views on Faith, 
Original sin, the Eucharist, etc. 

7. What is the origin of the word Protestant ? 
An edict was published at a conference held in 

Spires, a. d. 1529, prohibiting certain ecclesias- 
tical and doctrinal changes that had been made 
owing to the influence of the Lutheran party in 
Germany. They protested against it, and so were 
called Protestants. But the term has since 
become loosely applied to those who oppose Roman 
doctrines and practices, or what are supposed by 
different parties or individuals to be such. 

8. Who teas Calvin ? 

John Calvin, born in France a. d. 1509, was, 
though never ordained, compelled by the people 
of Geneva to act as their pastor. He was a man 
of great genius and strict morality, but of intem- 
perate zeal. He taught many strange and errou- 
eous doctrines, especially concerning Predestina- 
tion and Grace. He died a. d. 1561. 

9. Who were Melancthon and Zwingle ? 
Melancthon was a friend of Luther and a mild and 

moderate reformer. He drew up the Confession 
of Augsburg which is still the Lutheran formu- 
lary. Zwingle was a Swiss Priest wh denied the 
Real Presence in the Eucharist, for which he was 
severely condemned by Luther ; and who in other 
*vays departed from the ancient Catholic Faith. 



THE REFORMATION. 147 

10. What progress did the teaching these reform- 
ers make in Europe ? 

Lutheranism spread rapidly in Germany, Nor- 
way and Sweden, and Denmark. It also obtained 
followers in France, but was much suppressed by 
persecution. Calvinism made way in Switzerland 
and Holland. England was less affected by the 
Continental reformers ; though John Knox 
preached Calvinism in Scotland. 

11. What prepared the way for the Reformation 
in England ? 

The growing exactions of the Pope, and his 
assumptions of jurisdiction had been for centuries 
a cause of dispute and jealousy in England. 

12. What was the first great breach betiveen 
Rome and the Church of England in the Reign of 
Henry VIII. ? 

After having abolished certain taxes and other 
usurped privileges of former Popes, the whole 
Church of England, with the exception of Bishop 
Fisher of Rochester, declared in Synod, that the 
Bishops of Rome had no greater jurisdiction in 
the relation of England that any other foreign 
Bishop. This was in a. d. 1534. 

13. What ivas the next step ? 

After having denied the usurped jurisdiction of 
the Pope, several superstitious ceremonies and 
novel doctrines were suppressed, especially such as 



148 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

had been introduced by Papal authority, and 
Synods falsely styled (Ecumenical. 

14. Was the Reformation carried on in England 
free from unworthy motives ? 

No. Henry VIII., its great supporter, tried 
to make it subserve his private interests and jeal- 
ousy of Papal pretensions. Moreover, Henry took 
advantage of corruption in monasteries to enrich 
himself of their spoils by suppressing them. 

15. Did this affect the Catholicity of the Church 
of England? 

No. Though many of the Bishops and clergy 
were intimidated by his tyranny, they did not 
give up any principles. 

16. Give an example ? 

Having tried to compel the clergy to acknow- 
ledge him as Supreme Head of the Church, they 
positively refused to do so without adding u as 
far as is by Christ's law permissible," thus confin- 
ing his supremacy to matters temporal. The 
title was abolished in the reign of Mary, and this 
was confirmed by Elizabeth, nor has it been since 
claimed. 

17. How did the Reformation in England pro- 
gress after Henry VIII/s reign ? 

In the reign of his son and successor, Edward 
VI., who was but a boy, there was an attempt to 
reform the English Church upon the Continental 
protestant model; but this was discountenanced 



THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND REFORMED. 149 

by the clergy, and effectually put a stop to on the 
accession of his half sister, Mary, who was a 
Roman Catholic. Under Elizabeth, who succeed- 
ed her, the Church again threw off the Roman 
yoke, and reformed herself with prudence and 
moderation, casting off modern corruptions, and 
returning to purer teaching and practice. 



CHAPTER XL VII. 

THE CHURCH OF EKGLA2TD REFORMED. 

1. Hoivfar did Henry VIII. promote the Befor- 
mation in England ? 

Henry VIII. did nothing for the Reformation 
beyond throwing off the usurped authority of 
the Pope. In despoiling the monasteries his greed 
rather than his righteousness was satisfied, for he 
dissolved good and bad alike. He alternately 
upheld and put down the Reformation in Eng- 
land. He probably, at his death, held all Roman 
doctrine except the Papal Supremacy. 

2. What happened under his successor ? 
Edward VI., his son, a. d. 1547, was but a child, 

and under unscrupulous guardians, who encour- 
aged foreign Protestants to come into the King- 
dom. In January, a. d. 1549, however, just before 
the close of the second year of the reign of 
Edward VI., the first reformed Book of Common 



150 CATECHISM OF CHUKCH HISTORY. 

Prayer was published on a Catholic basis. Clerical 
marriages were sanctioned by Convocation, and 
permitted by a subsequent act of Parliament in 
this reign. 

3. With what check did the Reformation meet 
under the next Sovereign ? 

Mary, his half sister, who succeeded him a. d. 
1553, was a bigoted Romanist. The foreign 
Protestant professors were banished, and Span- 
iards and other extreme Roman partizans put in 
their places. Several Bishops were ejected, chiefly 
on the ground of their having been married, and 
others opposed to the Reformation were intruded 
into their sees. Three thousand clergy were 
driven out of their livings, hundreds of people 
were burnt at the stake, and thousands exiled. 

4. Who succeeded Mary ? 

Her half-sister, Elizabeth, succeeded Mary a. 
d. 1558, under whom the Reformation was carried 
on with moderation, and in a Catholic spirit ; 
though her reign is blotted with the blood of 
many adherents of the papal party who were 
martyred for their religion, or executed for the 
treason to the Crown, which the Pope's usurped 
authority now made that religion in England to 
be. 

5. What was the first act of her reign ? 
Parliament again rejected the Pope's supre- 
macy, which Mary had attempted to revive, and 



THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND REFORMED. 151 

gave Elizabeth the title of supreme governor of 
the Church. 

6. How ivas this act received by the Papal 
Bishops whom Mary had intruded ? 

Before the end of the first year of Elizabeth's 
reign, twelve out of the twenty-seven existing 
sees were vacant, principally by the death of the 
Bishops. Of the fifteen which remained, all the 
Bishops, except Kitchin of Llandaff, refused the 
oath of allegiance, and were deprived of their 
sees. On the other hand only eighty of the 
clergy refused to take the oath of supremacy. 

7. How ivere the vacant sees filled up ? 

Pour Bishops, who had been ejected by Mary, 
consecrated Matthew Parker Archbishop of Can- 
terbury a. d. 1559, and he took part in all the suc- 
ceeding consecrations in his Province until his 
death. 

8. What was the relative position of the papal 
and reforming parties in the English Church dur- 
ing the reign of Elizabeth ? 

For the first eleven years of her reign they 
worshipped together in the same Churches. But 
a. d. 1570, Pius V., excommunicated the Queen, 
and affected to bestow the throne of England 
upon the King of Spain ; after which the papal 
party formed a distinct schismatical body or sect 
in England, wftich continues to the present day. 

9. Did those Roman Bishops ivhom Elizabeth 



152 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

had deprived continue to exercise their episcopal 
functions ? 

No. They made no attempt to perform any 
Episcopal acts ; and although the papal sect in 
England frequently begged succeeding Popes to 
send them a Bishop, their appeal was not granted 
until 1623, a. d., when one William Bishop, with 
the empty title of Bishop of Calcedon, was conse- 
crated and sent to them. 

10. When were Roman Catholic Bishops conse- 
crated for English dioceses? 

No Roman Catholic Bishops were consecrated 
for English dioceses until 1850, when Pius IX 
intruded them into existing sees, or gave them 
titles from towns already belonging to English 
Episcopal jurisdiction. 

11. What were the chief actions of the Popes 
towards Elizabeth and the Reformation in her 
reign ? 

Pius IV., at the commencement of her reign, 
promised to sanction the use of the chalice in 
Holy Communion, and of the reformed Book of 
Common Prayer if his Supremacy should be 
acknowledged ; but, angered at Elizabeth's refusal, 
he sought to ruin England, and made an offer of 
her throne to any power that should invade and 
conquer the country. Pius V., a. d. 1570, excom- 
municated her and declared the throne vacant. 
Sixtus V., a. d. 1588, made the last attempt to 



THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND REFORMED. 153 

ruin England by the invasion of the Spanish 
Armada, which was utterly frustrated. 

12. When was the English Church finally sep- 
arated from the Church of Borne ? 

When the papal party in 1570, withdrew from 
the Communion of the English Church, and 
formed a sect of their own. 

13. What other separation occurred at the same 
time ? 

Some exiles who had fled from England during 
the persecution of Mary's reign, and had imbibed 
protestant notions abroad, returned ; and, on fail- 
ing to obtain a like reformation in England, they 
too withdrew from Communion of the English 
Church, and formed dissenting sects of their own in 
the same year, a. d. 1570. 

14. How is the continuity of the Church of 
England in the present day shewn ? 

The present Archbishops and Bishops have 
obtained their sees by direct succession up to the 
time of their foundation ; and the English peo- 
ple, who comprise the Church of England, have, 
with few exceptions, all along worshipped in the 
same churches as their fore-fathers before the 
Reformation. Moreover, the ancient Catholic 
Faith has been preserved. 

15. Have there been no breaks in this continuity ? 
No. There have been temporary breaches, as 

when Bishops were deprived and restored or sub- 



154 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

stituted in the reigns of Edward VI., Mary and 
Elizabeth: and when puritan laymen were 
intruded into parishes in the time of Oliver Crom- 
well ; but these breaches were soon healed, and all 
went on as before. 

16. How has the Reformation in England been 
illustrated ? 

As an individual remains the same person after 
as before he has cleansed himself from stains and 
dirt; and as a house remains the same though 
there be a casting out of rubbish or incumbrances ; 
so the Church of England is identically the same 
after as before its Reformation, though reformed 
and cleansed of error. 

17. What happened in the reign of James II ? 
James II., who was a Roman Catholic, 

endeavored to restore the papal religion, and for 
that purpose filled up offices in Church and 
State with those who favored his views ; but his 
project was so distasteful to the people of England 
that he was obliged to give it up. Finally he 
abdicated the throne and fled, a. d. 1688. 

18. Who succeeded him ? 

His daughter Mary and her protestant husband 
William III., who tried to admit dissenters to an 
equal position in the Church ; but though, like 
James, he obtained Bishops who upheld him, the 
influence of the inferior clergy, that is those who 



THE REFORMATION IN IRELAND. 155 

were not Bishops, effectually kept hini from his 
purpose. 

19. What was the State of the Church in the 
Eighteenth Century ? 

During this century, terrible unbelief, apathy and 
vice spread among all classes, Bishops and clergy 
included, but it caused a reaction towards zeal, 
faith and virtue which the Church has not since 
lost. 

20, Who were the Nonjurors ? 

The Nonjurors were six Bishops and four 
hundred clergy who, a. d. 1690 were ejected for 
refusing the oath of Allegiance to William and 
Mary on the ground that, although James II., had 
abdicated, he had a son, (called on this account by 
his opponents the Pretender.) They set up a 
schism in the Church, even having their own 
Bishops, as the Novatians and others did in earlier 
times; (xviii: 7), among them were very estim- 
able men. The sect became weakened by internal 
disagreements etc., and gradually died out by 
1780 a. d. 

CHAPTER XL VIII. 

THE REFORMATION IN IRELAND. 

1. What was done in Ireland ? 

The royal Supremacy was established and papal 
taxes abolished by Henry VIIL, as in England. 

2. Did Mary overthrow this ? 



156 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

Yes. During the reign of Mary, papal Bishops 
were intruded into existing sees, and their right- 
ful occupants deprived. 

3. What happened under Elizabeth ? 
Elizabeth expelled the only two Bishops who 

opposed her ; but these had already been intruded 
by Mary into sees whose Bishops were still in 
possession. The people continued subject to 
their clergy. 

4. What caused this general assent of the Irish 
Bishops, clergy and people ? 

The people were ignorant and easily led by the 
clergy, and it is to be feared many of the Bishops 
and clergy acquiesced out of policy and time ser- 
vice. 

5. How was the Roman religion again introduced 
into Ireland ? 

Roman missionaries were sent to stir up the 
credulous people to schism and rebellion. And 
Pope Gregory XIII., gave pardon to all the brig- 
ands in Italy who would invade Ireland. These, 
augmented by Spaniards, and headed by usurp- 
ing Bishops (one of whom died while fighting) and 
others, came over to Ireland, and by treason, rebel- 
lion and bloodshed caused a schism, a. d. 1579. 

6. What was the result ? 

Persecutions have ever since arisen from time 
to time ; and much bitterness has been kept up 
between the Church and the papal party. 



THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND. 157 

7. What is the present state of the Church of 
Ireland ? 

The ill feeling between the Church and the 
•papal party has been greatly augmented since 
William III., Prince of Orange, defeated the 
Roman Catholic, James II., in Ireland. The Eng- 
lish government increased the afflictions of the 
Irish Church by suppressing ten of her Bishoprics 
in 1833 ; and again by disestablishing her and 
withdrawing her endowment in 1871. 

8. Who tcere the Orangemen ? 

The Orangemen is a name primarily given to 
the members of a political society named after the 
Prince of Orange, William III., but commonly 
applied to those who oppose the Roman party. 



CHAPTER XLIX. 

THE REFORMATION IN SCOTLAND. 

1. How did the Reformation progress in Scot- 
land ? 

The Scotch eagerly accepted the Reformation, 
having suffered persecution under the papal party. 
But they desired a reformation on Protestant, 
rather than on the English Catholic principle. 

2. Who teas the prime mover of the Protestant 
reformation in Scotland ? 



158 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

John Knox, a turbulent follower of Calvin, 
who died a. d. 1572. 

3. What serious mistake did they make ? 

They abolished Episcopacy, so that the new- 
clergy were not rightly ordained, nor could the 
people receive the Sacraments at their hands. 

4. What was substituted ? 

They drew up and made their king ( afterwards 
James I. of England) sign a Convenant to extir- 
pate prelacy, as they called Episcopacy^ and 
establish Presbyterianism. They confirmed this 
by oath, and formed themselves into a solemn 
league and covenant, whence they were termed 
Covenanters. 

5. Did Presbyterianism prosper ? 

Yes. And it was much strengthened when 
William III., himself a Presbyterian, came to the 
throne, as the Scotch Bishops were nonjurors. 
The Scotch parliament then abolished Episcopacy, 
and made Presbyterianism the established religion 
a. d. 1690, causing a great schism. This w^as 
increased by severe laws against the clergy, and a 
systematic persecution of the Church, partly pro- 
voked by the Church's unwise treatment of the 
Presbyterians when she was in power. 



CHAPTER L. 

THE CHURCH Itf THE USTLTED STATES. 

1. By whom was the Anglican branch of the 
Church founded in the United States ? 

The Anglican branch of the Church in the 
United States was founded by emigrants from 
England, to whom clergy were sent from that 
country to minister to them. 

2. Was it an Independent Church ? 

Not at first. Until the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, the Bishop of London had jurisdiction 
over the whole English Church in the Colonies, 
as it was called. 

3. Had they no Bishops of their own ? 

No. During the whole of this time they could 
not obtain any Bishop to be consecrated for them, 
owing to difficulties created by the English 
government. Their clergy had to go to England 
to be ordained, and the people were deprived of the 
grace of Confirmation. 

4. What great benefit resulted from the Inde- 
pendence of the States ? 

The Independence of the Church followed, and 
it was able to obtain a legitimate Episcopal suc- 
cession. 

5. Who was the first Bishop consecrated for the 
Church in the United States ? 



160 CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 

Dr. Samuel Seabury was consecrated Bishop of 
Connecticut, by the Bishops of the Church of 
Scotland in that country, A. D. 1784. The Eng- 
lish Bishops at that time supposed themselves to 
be unable to consecrate a Bishop for a Church not 
belonging to English dominions. 

6. Are the Bishops of the Anglican communion 
in the United States wholly descended from the 
Scotch succession ? 

No. Bishops White and Provoost were conse- 
crated in England in 1787, and Bishop Madison in 
1790 ; so that the succession of Bishops is derived 
from both Scotch and English sources. 

7. When was the first Roman Catholic Bishop 
consecrated for the United States ? 

Dr. Carroll was irregularly consecrated in Eng- 
land by one Bishop only, for Baltimore, in Mary- 
land, A. D. 1790 ; although there was already a 
Bishop of the Anglican communion over that 
state. 

8. But has not the English Church placed 
Bishops and clergy in Canada where the Roman 
Church was already planted ? 

Yes. But these were not set up as rivals to 
the Roman Catholic Bishops and clergy ; but are 
necessary to minister to the members of the 
Church of England to whom the Roman Church 
refuses Communion. 



THE CHURCH LN" THE UNITED STATES. 161 

9. What is the present condition of the Church 
in the United States ? 

The Church in the United States, which is in 
Communion with the Church of England, is mak- 
ing great way, steadily advancing in Catholic 
principles, and winning numbers to her ranks at 
home ; while she is showing great signs of vitality 
and health in successful missions abroad. 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



THE REFERENCE IS TO CHAPTER AND QUESTION. 



Absolution, v: 4, 28; xviii: 10. 
Agape, vii: 10,11. 
S. Agatha, xvi : 10. 
S. Agnes, xix : 13. 
Alaricchief of the Goths, xxxii : 

18. 
S. Alban, xix : 12 ; xxxiv : 3. 
Albertus Magnus, xliii : 8. 
Albigensians, xliii: 4. 
Alexander Severus, xv : 7. 
Alexander VI, Pope, xlvi : 1 &c. 
Alleluia Victory, xxxv : 8. 
S. Ambrose, xxx: 1, 3, 4. 
America— see United States. 
Anathematise, to, xxvii: 4. 
S. Anselm, xliii: 1. 
S. Anskar, xl : 3. 
Antenicene Fathers, xxv: 2. 
Antipopes, xli: 9, &c. ; xlv: 3, 9. 
S. Anthony, xxix: 4; xxx: 3; 

xxxiii : 4. 
S. Apollonia, xv: 10. 
Apollinarian heresy, xxviii : 1, 7. 
Apologists, xiii: 8; xxii. 
Apostles, the, v: 3. 
Apostles, more than Twelve, 

v:ll. 
Apostles, lives of the, iv. 
Apostolic Fathers, xxi : 1 ; xxv : 2. 
Apostolic Gifts, v: 12. 
Apostolic Succession, v. 
Apostolic Succession in Eng- 
land, xlvii: 14. 
Apostacy, xvi : 5. 
Aquinas, S. Thomas, xliii : 7, 10. 
Arian heresy, xxvii : 2. 
Aries, sje Council. 
S. Athauasius, xxvii : 8,9 ; xxix : 9. 
S.Athanasius. Creed of, xxxvi: 5. 
Attila, chief of the Huns, xxxii : 

19, &c. 
Augsburg Confession, xlvi: 9. 
S. Augustine of Canterbury, 

xxx: 2; xxxiv: 6, ll#&c; 

xxxvi : 6, 7 ; xxxviii : 7. 
S. Augustine of Hippo, xxx: 1,2; 

xxxii: 21; xxxiv: 11. 
Augustulus Emperor, xxxii : 22. 



Aurelius, persecution of Mai 
cus, xiii. 

S. Babylas, xv: 8, 11; xvi: 8, 16. 

Baptism by Heretics, xviii: 12; 
xxxv : 5. 

Baptism of Infants, vii : 21 . 

Baptism, modes of, xxii : 16. 

Baptism Seasons of, vii : 20. 

Barcochab, xii : 3. 

S. Barnabas' Epistle, xxi : 9. 

S. Basil, xxviii : 12. 

Basle— see Council. 

Bede, the Venerable, xxxiv: 2. 

Belisarius, xxxvi : 4. 

Bellarmine, xxxix : 6. 

S. Benedict, xxxiii: 12, 13. 

S. Bernard of CJairvaux, xliii: 2. 

S. Bertha, xxxiv: 7. 

Bible, Supremacy of, xliv: 4. 

Bible, English translation, xliv: 
5. 

Bible, German translation, xlvi : 
6. 

Bible, Latin or Vulgate transla- 
tion, xxx: 9. 

Bishop, William. Roman Cath- 
olic Bishop, xlvii: 9. 

Bishops, V: 15,21, 29. 

Bishops, Roman Catholic, in 
England, see Papal. 

Bohemia, Christianity in, xl: 
6, 8, 9. 

Bogoris, xl : 4- 

S. Bonaventure, xliii: 8, 10. 

S. Boniface, xl: 2. 

Borgia family, xlvi: 2. See 
Alexander vi. 

Bouillon, Godfrey de, xiii: 3. 

British Church, xxxiv. 

British Church, Ancient cus- 
toms of, xxxiv: 9. 

Bulgaria, Christianity in, xl: 4. 

Ceecilian, Bishop of Carthage, 
xxxiv: 4. 

Calumnies against the early 
Christians, xxii : 7. 

Calvin, xlvi: 8: xlix: 2. 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



163 



Calvinism, xlvi : 10. 
Canada, the Church in, 1: 8. 
Canterbury, Archbishops of, 

xxxiv : 11. 
Caroll, Archbishop, 1: 7. 
Carthage, martyrs of, xiv: 11. 
Catacombs, x: 7 &c. 
Catechumens, vii : 18. 
S. Cecilia, xiv: 14. 
Celibacy, clerical, xliv: 4. see 

marriage. 
Cerularius, of Constantinople, 

xli : 1. 
Chalcedon, see Council. 
Chalice, withdrawal of, xiv : 4&c. 
Charlemagne, xxxix: 6. 
S. Chrysostom, xxx: 6, 8. 
Church Buildings, vii :6 ;xv:12,13. 
Church, purpose of the, viii: 1. 
S.Clement of Alexandria, xxv :4. 
S.Clement of Rome, xi : 9 ; xxi : 3. 
S. Clotilda, xxxv : 9. 
S. Clovis, xxxv : 9. 
Colosseum, xi : 6. 
Community Life, xxix; 2, 4; 

xxxiii : 4, 6. 
Communicatio Idiomatum, 

xxxii : 11. 
Concomitance, dogma of, xiv : 6. 
Constance, see Council. 
Constantine, xix: 24; xxiv; 

xxvi : 1 ; xxvii : 1 ,9 ; xxxvi : 3. 
Constantine Pogonatus,xxxviii : 

1. 
Constantinople, see Council. 
Constantinople, next to Rome, 

xxxii : 4. 
Constantinople taken by the 

Turks, xiv : 12. 
Constantius, xix : 22 ; xxix : 9* 
Consubstantiality of The Son, 

xxvii : 7. 
Corinthian, the incestuous, v: 3. 
Cornelius, Bishop of Rome, 

xviii: 8. 
Councils, Authority of General, 

xxvi : 12 ; xiv ; 4, 7. 
Councils, Genet-til and Particu- 
lar, xxvi: 10. 
Councils, The Four, xxvi: 16; 

xxxii : 10 ; xxxvi : 2. 
Council, Doubts as to the Sev- 
enth General, xxvi: 15. 
Council, The Eighth not yet 

held, xxxix : 10. 
Council of Aries, xviii: 17; 

xxxiv : 4 ; xxxv : 2, 5. 



Council of Basle, xliv: 1, 7, 10. 
Council of Chalcedon, xxxii. 
Council of Constance, xliv: 1, 

7,10. 
Council, 1st of Constantinople, 

xxviii; xxxii: 11. 
Council, 2d of Constantinople, 

xxxvi. 
Council, 3d of Constantinople, 

xxxviii. 
Council of Ephesus, xxxi: 

xxxvi : 2. 
Council of Florence, xliv: 1, 10. 
Council of Frankf ort, xxxix : 6. 
Council of Jerusalem, ii: 11, &c. 
Council, the Latrocinium,xxxii : 

7,8. 
Council 2d of Lyons, xliii: 10. 
Council, 1st. of Nicaea, xviii : 17 ; 

xxvii; xxxiv: 4. 
Council, 2d. of Nicaea, xxvi: 15; 

xxxix. 
Council of Toledo, xxviii: 6; 

xxxvi: 6. 
Covenanters of Scotland, xlix :4. 
Cromwell, Oliver, xlvii: 15. 
Cross, The Sign of the, vii: 18. 
Crusades, xli: 3; xlii; xliii: 2. 
S. Cyprian, xvii: 10; xviii: 3, 13; 

xxv: 11. 
S. Cyril of Alexandria, xxxi : 4, 5. 
S. Cvril of Jerusalem, xxxi: 5. 
S. Cyril, little, xvii: 17. 
S. Cyril of Moravia, xl: 7. 

S. David, xxxiv: 15. 
Deacons, v : 25 ; vi : 9. 
Decius' persecution, xvi. 
Denmark, Christianity in, xl. 
Dioceses, v : 27. 
Diocletian's persecution, xix. 
S. Dionysius of Alexandria, 

xviii: 14. 
Diognetus, Epistle to, xxi : 15, 
Disciples, v: 1. 
Disciplina arcani, xxii: 4, &c. 
Dissent, xlvii : 13, 18. 
S. Dominic, xliii : 3. 
Domitian's persecution, x. 
Donatist Schism, xxxv : 3, 4. 

Early Christians, vii. 
East and West, see Schism, 
Eastern Church, see Greek. 
Easter, British time of, xxiv: 

9. 
Easter customs, xv : 9. 



164 



CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 



Easter controversy, xiii: 9; 

xxvii: 10; xxxv: 5; xli: 3. ' 
Edward VI. King, xlvi: 17; 

xlvii: 2. 
Egypt, Monks of, xxvii: 1. 
Elders, v: 22. 
Eldest Son of the Church, 

xxxv: 9. 
Elizabeth, Queen, xlvi: 16; 

xlvii: 4, &c. 
England, Christianity in, xxxiv. 
England Protestantism in, xlvi : 

10; xlvii: 13. 
England, Reformed Church of, 

xlvi: 11, &c; xlvii. 
English Church, Continuity of, 

xlvii: 14, 16. 
English Church separated from 

Rome, xlvii : 12. 
Episcopacy, see Bishops. 
Ephesus, see Council. 
Ethelbert, King, xxxiv: 7; 

xxxv: 9. 
Eucharist, v: 31; vii; xxii: 8,15. 
Eugenius IV. Pope, xlv : 7, 10. 
Europe, Christianity in North, 

xl. 
Eusebius of Caesarea, i: 6; 

xxvii: 11. 
Eutychian Heresy, xxxii : 1 &c. 

S. Fabian, xvi : 14. 

S. Faith, xix: 11. 

Fathers, Ante Nicene, xxv: 2. 

Fathers of the Church, xiv : 17 ; 

xxv. 
Fathers of the Desert, xxix. 
Fathers, Post Nicene, xxx. 
S. Felix of Nola, xvi : 9. 
Felix V. Antipope, xlv : 8, &c. 
"Filioque" added to the Creed, 

xxviii: 6; xxxvi: 6; xli: 3. 
Finsland, Christianity in, xl. 
Fioretti of S. Francis of Assisi. 

xliii: 6. 
Fisher, Bishop, xlvi: 12. 
Flavian of Constantinople, 

xxxii: 6,7. 
France, Christianity in, xxxv. 
S. Francis of Assisi, xliii : 6. 
Frankfort, see Council. 
French Church, see Gallican. 
Frederick of Sicily, xlii : 4. 
Friars, mendicant, xliv : 3. 
Fulda, Monastery of, xl : 2. 

Gallican Church, xlvi : 5. 



Gallienus, Emperor, xvii: 19. 
Gall us' Persecution, xvii. 
Games, The Roman, xiv : 12. 
Gaul, Christianity in, xxxv: 1. 
Genseric, chief of the Vandals, 

xxxii: 21. 
Gentiles and Jews, ii : 4. 
S. Germanus of Auxene, xxxiv: 

10; xxxv: 6, &c. 
Germany, Christianity in, xl. 
Germany, Protestantism in, 

xlvi: 10. 
Gnosticism, xi: 12, &c. 
Gothic invasion, xvii: 3; xxxii: 

16, 18. 
Governor of the Church, Su- 
preme, xlvii : 5. 
Greek Church, xli: 2; xliii. 
Greek Empire. Fall of the, xlv: 

12. 
Gregorian, or Plain Chant, 

xxxvi : 8. 
S. Gregory the Great, xxxiv: 6; 

xxxv : 6 &c. 
S. Gregory of Nazianzen, xxviii: 

11, 12. 
S. Gregory of Nyssa, xxviii: 12. 
S.Gregory Thaumaturgus, xv: 

3. 
Gregory X., Pope, xliii: 10. 
Gregory XIII, Pope; xlviii: 5 

Hadrian's persecution, xii. 
Hallelujah Victory, xxxv: 8. 
Harding, S. Stephen, xliii: 2. 
Head of the Church, Title of 

xlvi : 16 ; xlvii : 5. 
Heathen at Church Services, 

xv: 13,14. 
Hegira, or flight of Moham- 
mad, xxxvii: 8. 
S. Helena, xix: 22. 
Henry VIII, King, xlvi: 12 &c.; 

xlvii: 1. 
Heresies and Schisms, xxvi. 
Heresy, Definition of, xxvi : 3. 
Heretics, Burning of, xliv: 9. 
Hermas, The "Shepherd" of, 

xxi:16. 
Hermit Life, xxix : 2, 4 ; xxxiii : 

4,5. 
Hippolytus, xxv: 9. 
Holland, Christianity in, xl. 
Holland, Calvinism in, xlvi: 10. 
Holy Land ; see Palestine. 
Homoousion and Homoiousion. 

xxvii: 7. 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



165 



Honorius, the heretic Pope, 

xxxviii: 4. 
Huns' invasion of Rome, xxxii : 

16, &c. 
Hus, John, xlv: 4, 7. 

Iconoclasm, or image breaking-, 

xxxix: 2. 
S. Ignatius of Antioch, xi: 4; 

xxi: 12. 
Ignatius, Patriarch of C. P., 

xxxix : 9 ; xl : 10. 
Image Worship, xxxix: 3. 
Independence of United States, 

1: 4. 
Indulgences, xviii: 1; xliv: 6; 

xlv: 3; xlvi: 6. 
Inquisition, xliii: 3, 5. 
Ireland, Christianity in, xlviii. 
Iceland, Disestablished Church 

in, xlviii : 7. 
Ireland, Papal Crusade in, 

xlviii : 5. 
Ireland, Reformation in, xlviii. 
S. Irenseus, xiii: 15; xiv: 9. 
Irene, Empress, xxxix : 2. 
Islam, or Mohammadanism, 

xxxvii: 11. 

Jacobite Heresy, xxxii : 9. 

James L, King, xlix: 4. 

James II., King, xlvii: 17, &c. ; 

xlviii: 7. 
S. Jerome, xxx: 6, 9. 
Jerome of Prague, xlv: 4. 
Jerusalem, Council at, ii: 11, &c. 
Jerusalem, Destruction of, ii: 

17; iii. 
Jerusalem, Christian kings of, 

xlii:3, 4. 
Jerusalem, Muslim occupation 

of, xlii: 1; xliii: 5. 
Jews, ii : 2. 
S. John the Evangelist, iv: 13; 

x: 4. 
John XXITI, Pope, xlv: 3, &c. 
Judaizei s, ii : 11, 13. 
Julian the Apostate, xxix: 9. 
Julius II, Pope, xlvi : 3, &c. 
S. Justin Martyr, vii: 9; xiii: 7; 

xxii: 13; xxv:S. 
Justina, Empress, xxx : 4. 
Justinian, Emperor, xxxvi : 1, 3, 

4; xliii: 5. 

Kitchin, Bishop, xlvii: 6. 
Knights, orders of, xlii: 7. 



Knox, John, xlvi : 10 ; xlix : 2. 

Koran, the Muslim, xxxvii : 10. 

Labarum, the Standard, xxiv: 3. 

Lapsed Christians, xviii. 

Latrocinium Synod. See Coun- 
cil. 

S. Laurence, xvii: 7. 

8. Leo I, Pope, xxxii: 5, &c; 
19, &c. 

Leo IX., xli: 1. 

LeoX., xlvi: 4, &c. 

Leo the Isaurian, xxxix: 4. 

Libellatici, xvi : 7. 

Licinius, Emperor, xxiv: 4,-8. 

Liturgy, vii : 14 ; xxiii. 

Liturgies, S. Ambrose, xxx: 4. 

Liturgies, S. Basil, xxviii : 12. 

Liturgies, British, xxxiv: 1. 

Liturgies, Divisions in the, 
xxiii: 13. 

Liturgies, Four Primitive, xxiii: 
6, &c. 

Liturgies, Gallican, xxiii: 17; 
xxxiv: 10; xxxv: 7. 

Liturgies, Slavonic, xl: 7. 

Lollards, xliv: 8. 

London, Bishop of, jurisdiction 
in the United States, i : 2. 

Louis, see Clovis. 

Lucius, a British King, xxxiv: 2. 

S. Lucy, xix : 19. 

S. Lupus of Froyes,xxxv: 7. 

Luther, xlvi : 6, &c. 

Lutheranism, xlvi : 10. 

Lyons, see Council. 

Lyons, Martyrs of, xxxv: 1. 

S. Macarius, xxix: 2, 5. 

Macedonian Heresy, xxviii : 1, 4. 

Madison, Bishop, 1 : 6. 

Manichean Heresy, xx: 6; xxx: 
3; xliii: 4. 

Marcion, Emperor, xxxii : 1. 

S. Margaret of Antioch, x:x- 18. 

Marriage of Clergy permitted, 
xlvii : 2. 

S. Martin, xxx: 6, 7; xxxiv: 13. 

Martin V. Pope, xlv: 5. 

B. V. Mary entitled Mother of 
Goe, xxxi: 2. 

Mary I. Queen, xlvi : 17 ; xlvii : 3. 

Mary II, Queen, xlvii : 18. 

S. Maurice and the Theban leg- 
ion, xix: 10. 

Maxentius, Emperor, xxiv : 2. 

Maximin the Thracian's Per- 
secution, xv. 



166 



CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 



Maximian's Persecution, xix. 
Medici, Lorenzo de', xlvi: 4, see 

LeoX, 
Melancthon, xlvi : 9. 
Melito the Apologist, xxii: 19. 
S.Methodius, xl: 4, 6, 8. 
Michael Palaeologus, xliii : 13. 
Milan, Edict of, xxiv : 4. 
Ministers of Religion, So called, 

v:20. 
Ministers of the Church, vi. 
Miraculous Gifts, v: 12; vi: 7. 
Mohammad and Mohammad- 

anism. xxxvii. 
Monasteries, dissolution of, 

xlvii : 1. 
Monastic Life, xxxiii: xliii. 
S. Monica, xxx: 3. 
Monks of Egypt, xxix: 1. 
Monophy site Heresy, xxxii: 9. 
Monoth elite Heresy, xxxviii : 2. 
Montanist Heresy, xxv: 8. 
Moravia, Christianity in, xl: 

1, 7, 13. 
Muhammad, xxxvii. 
Muslims, xxxvii : 11; xlii: 1. 
Natures in our Blessed Lord, 

xxxviii: 3. 
Nepotism, xlvi : 4. 
Nero's Persecution, ix. 
Nestorian Heresy, xxxi; xxxii: 

2,6; xxxvi: 1, &c. 
Nicsea, see Council. 
Nicholas I, Pope, xl: 4, 5. 
S. Nicomede, x: 6. 
Nicsean Creed, xxvii : 5. 
Nicaean Creed; additions to, 

xxviii: 5, 9. 
S. Ninian. xxxiv: 13. 
Nonjuring Schism, xlvii: 20. 
Norway, Lutheranism in, xlvi : 

10. 
Novatian Schism, xviii: 7, 8; 

xxv: 8; xli: 11; xlvii: 20. 
Olga, Queen, xl : 10. 
Orangemen, xlviii: 8. 
Orders, Holy, in Ministry. 
Orders, Military, see Knights. 
Orders, Religious, eee Monastic 

Life. 
Origen, xiv: 16; xxv: 10. 
Palestine, Muslims in, xlii. 
S. Pambo, xxix: 2, 6, 7. 
Papal Bishops in England, xlvii: 

9,10. 
Papal claims in England, 

xxxvii: 7; xlvi: 12; xlvii: 1,5. 



Papal claims in General, xli: 

7, &c. 

Papal Sect in England, xlvii: 8, 

9,12. 
Papal Supremacy, xli : 7, &c. 
Papias, xxi : 19. 
Parker, Archbishop, xlvii : 7. 
Patricius, xxx : 3. 
S. Patrick, xxxiv: 14. 
S. Paul, i: 9, 10; ii: 1, 11, 16; iv: 

4; v: 11, 17, 19; vi: 13, 15; 

vii : 11, &c. 
S. Paul in Britain, tradition of, 

xxxiv: 1. 
S. Paul the Hermit, xxix: 3; 

xxxiii: 4. 
Paul of Samosata's Heresy, 

xix: 8. 
Pelagian Heresy, xxx: 3; xxxi: 

9; xxxiv: 4,15: xxxv: 7. 
Penitents, xv: 14. 
S. Perpetua,xiv: 11. 
Persecutions, the Ten, viii. 
Persecution of last days, xix : 3. 
S. Peter, i: 10; ii: 1, 9, 16; iv: 4, 

8, &c. 

S. Peter's Pence, xl: 14. 
S.Peter's Supremacy, xli: 7,8. 
S.Philip the Deacon, vi: 14. 
Philip, Emperor, xv : 7, &c. 
Photian Schism, xxxix: 8, 9; xl: 

10; xli: 4. 
Pillar Saints, xxxiii : 7. 
Pius III, Pope, xlv: 1. 
Pius IV, xlvii: 11. 
Pius V. xlvii: 8,11. 
Pius IX, xlvii: 10. 
Poland, Christianity in, xl: 13. 
S. Polycarp, xiii: 3; xxi: 6. 
Popes, see under names. 
Popes Inferior to General 

Councils, xlv: 4, 7. 
Popes Supposed Succession 

from S. Peter, xli: 7. 
Popes Rival, see Anti-popes. 
Post Nicene Fathers, xxviii. 
Powers, Spiritual, v: 12, &c. 
Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 

xlvi: 5. 
Prayer Book, Reformed, xlvii; 

2,11. 
Prayer Book, Pius IV offers to 

sanction the, xlvii: 11. 
Presbyters, v : 22, 28. 
Presbyterianism, xlix: 4,5. 
Pretender, The, xlvii : 20. 
Priests, v: 22,28. 



INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 



167 



S. Prisca, xviit 15. 
Protestant, The term, xlvi : 7. 
Provoost, Bishop, 1 : 6. 
Quadratus the Apologist, xxii: 

10. 
Quartodecimans, xiii: 11. 
Reeared, King of Spain, xxxvi : 

5. 
Reconciliation, Ministry of, v: 9. 
Reformation, Foreshadowing 

of, xliv. 
Reformation, Progress of, xlv: 

1; xlvi: 11. 
Religious Life, see Monastic 

Life. 
S. Remigius, or Remy, xxxv: 9. 
Ritual and Doctrinal Decrees, 

xx vi: 11. 
Roman Catholic, see Papal. 
Rome and Constantinople 

xxxii: 4. 
Rome, fall of the Empire of the 

West, xxxii: 13, &c. 
Royal Supremacy, xlvi: ltf: 

xlvii: 5. 
Russia, Christianity in, xl: 10, 

&c. 
Sabellian Heresy, xx : 3. 
Saints, see under names. 
Saladin, xlii: 4. 
Samosatene Heresy, xx: 8. 
Schism, Definition of, xxvi: 3. 
Schism between Eastern and 

Western Churches, xxxix: 

8; xl: 5; xli: xlii: 3; xliii: 

11; xlv: 11. 
S. Scholastica, xxxiii: 14. 
Scholastic Doctors, xliii : 7. 
Schoolmen, The, xliii: 7. 
Schism temporarily held at 

Florence, xlv : 11. 
Sclavonic Alphabet, xl: 7. 
Scotists and Tho mists, xliii : 8. 
Scotland, Calvinism in, xlvi: 10. 
Scotland, Christianity in, 

xxxiv: 13. 
Scotland, Reformation, in,xlix. 
Scotus, John Duns, xliii: 8. 
Seabury, Bishop, 1 ; 5. 
Sebaste, Forty Martyrs of, 

xxiv: 9, &c. 
S. Sebastian, xix: 15, &c. 
Semi Arian Heresy, xxvii: 11. 
S. Serapion the lapsed, xvii: 12. 
Severus' persecution, xiv. 
Shows, The Roman, xiv : 12. 
Sigismund, Emperor, xlv: 5, 7. 



S. Simeon the Stylite, xxxiii: 8, 
&c. 

S. Sixtus I, Pope, xviii: 14, 17. 

Sixtus V, xlvii: 11. 

Solemn League and Covenant, 
xlix: 4. 

Sophia, Church of Saint, 
xxxvi: 3; xlv: 12. 

Spain, Christianity in, xxxvii: 
11. 

Spanish Armada, xlvii ; 11. 

Spires, Diet of, xlvi: 7. 

Spiritual powers of Clergy, v : 
12, &c. 

S. Stephen, vi: 10, &c. 

S. Stephen, Pope, xviii: 14,17. 

S. Stephen Harding, xliii : 2. 

Stylite or Pillar Saints, xxxiii : 7. 

Succession, Apostolic, v ; v : 14 ; 
xlvii: 14. 

Supremacy, see Royal Papal. 

Suicide of confessors con- 
demned, xv : 12. 

Sunday observance, xxii: 15; 
xxiv: 5. 

Sweden, Christianity in, xl: 3. 

Sweden, Lutheranism in, xlvi : 
10. 

Switzerland, Calvinism in, xlvi : 
10. 

Synods, xxvi: 10. See also 
Councils. 

S. Tarcisius, a boy, xvi : 10. 

Te Deum, traditional origin of 
the, xxx : 5. 

Tertuliian, xxv: 5. 

Tetzel & Indulgence traffic, 
xlvi: 6. 

Theban Legion, xix : 10. 

Theodore of Tarsus, Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, 
xxxviii: 7. 

Theodosius, Emperor, xxx: 4. 

Theodosius the Yonnger, Em- 
peror, xxxi: 1. 

Theotokos, or Mother of God, 
xxxi: 2. 

Thirty Tyrants, The reign of 
the, xvii : 18. 

S. Thomas a Becket, xliii: 1. 

S. Thomas, Aquinas, xliii: 7, 10. 

Thomist and Scotist contro- 
versy, xliii: 8. 

Toledo, see Council. 

Tortures of Martyrs, xvi : 18. 

Trade, Clergy forbidden to, 
xxxii: 4. 



168 



CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 



Traditors, xix : 8; xxxv: 4. 
Trajan's Persecution, xi. 
Turkey taken by Muslims, xlv: 

12. 
United States of America, The 

Church, etc., in, 1. 
United States, Declaration of 

Independence in, 1: 2. 
United States, Bishops in, 1 : 3, 

etc. 
Valens, Emperor, xxviii: 12; 
Valentinian, Emperor, xxxi: 1. 
S. Valentine, xvii: 14. 
S. Valerian, xiv: 14. 
Valerian's Persecution, xvii. 
Valerian, Death of Emperor, 

xvii: 19. 
Vandal invasion of Rome, 

xxxii : 21. 
Victor, Pope, xiii: 14. 
Vicune, Martyrs of, xxxv: 1. 



S. Vincent, xix : 14. 

Virgins, Consecrated, xvi: 11; 

xxxiii. 
Vladimir of Novogorod, xl: 11, 

12. 
Vows of Religion, xvi: 11; 

xxxiii. 
Vulgate translation of Bible, 

xxx : 9. 
Waldensian Heresy, xliv: 10. 
Wales, Christianity in, xxxiv: 

15. 
S. Wenceslas, King, xl: 9. 
White, Bishop, 1:6. 
Wickliff, xliv: 3, &c.;xlv: 2. 
S. Wilfred, xxxviii: 5, 6, 
S. Willibrord, xl : 1, 
William andMary, xlvii: 18, &c. ; 

xlviii: 7; xix: 5. 
Wills in Christ, two, xxxviii: ;3. 
Zwingle, xlvi: 9. 



INDEX OF CHRONOLOGY. 



THE REFERENCE IS TO CHAPTER AND QUESTION. 



A. D. 

33. End of Gospel History,i : 8. 
41. Gospel preached to Gentile 

Cornelius, ii : 9. 
44. Dispersion of the Apostles, 

iv:l. 
51. Council at Jerusalem, ii: 

12. 
64. Nero's Persecution, ix. 
66. S. Paul's imprisonment at 

Rome; end of the Acts 

of the Apostles' History, 

i;9. 
70. Jerusalem destroyed by 

Titus, iii: 1. 



A. D. 

95. Domitian's persecution, x. 

100. Death of S. John,iv; 14. 

106. Trajan's persecution, xi. 

117. Hadrian spersecution,xii, 
and destruction of Jer- 
usalem, iii: 7. 

150. Lucius, King in Britain, 
xxxiv: 2, and S, Justin 
Martyr's Apology, xxii: 
13. 

166. M. Aurelius' persecution, 
xiii. 

177. Persecution at Lyons and 
Vicune, xxxv: 1. 



INDEX OF CHRONOLOGY. 



169 



L. D. A. D. 

202. Severus* persecution, xiv. 459, 
290. Churches, First built, xv: 

13. 476. 

235. Maximins persecution, 

xv. 500. 

245. Philip the half Christian, 

Emperor, xv: 7. 543. 

250. Deems' persecution, xvi. 

251. The Xovatian Schism, 544. 

xviii: 8. 
867. Valerian's persecution, 553. 

xvii. 
260. Gallienus sanctions Chris- 587. 

tianitv, xvii: 20. 
270. Manichean Heresy, xx: 6. 589. 
202. Diocletian and last perse- 597. 

cution. xix. 
306. Death of Emperor Con- 601. 

stantius, xix: 22. 

313. Constantine first Christian 622. 

Emperor, xxiv: 1. 

314. Council at Aries, xxxv: 2. 632. 

324. Eusebius wrote his his- i 

torj,i:7. j 638. 

325. First General Council, 

Nicaea, xxvii. 669. 

342. Death of S. PauL, the her- 
mit, xxix: 3. 
350. Death of S. Anthony. 

xxix: 4. 
363. Death of Julian the Apos- 726. 

t ate, xxix: 9. 
373. Death of S. Athanasius, 738. 

xxvii: 9. 
378. Valens invites the Goths, 755. 

xxx ii: 16. 
38L Second General Council, 787. 

Constantinople, xxviii. 
397. Death of S. Ambrose. 

xxx: 4. 
400. Pelagian Heresv, xxxiv: 4. 846. 
407. Death of S. Chrysostom, 

xxx: 8. 865. 

410. Alaric captures Rome, 

xxxii: 18. ! 891. 

420. Death of S. Jerome, xxx: 936. 

9. 

430. Genseric invited to Rome. 955. 

xxxii; 21; and death of 

S. Augustine, xxx : 3. 1000. 

431. Third General Council, 

Ephesus, xxxi. 1034. 

449. The Latrocinium, xxxii: 

8. 
451. Fourth General Council, 1095. 

Chalcedon, xxxii. 1153. 



Death of S. Simeon, the 

Sty lite, xxxiii: 11. 
Fall of the Western Em- 
pire, xxxii: 23. 
Clovis founded the French 

Kingdom, xxxv : 9. 
Death of S. Benedict, 

xxxiii: 13. 
Death of S.David of Wales. 

xxxiv : 15. 
Fifth General Council, 2d 

Constantinople, xxxvi. 
Conversion of Spain to 

Catholicism, xxxvi: 5. 
Synod at Toledo, .xxxvi: 6. 
S, Augustine's mission to 

England, xxxiv: 6. 
Death of S. Augustine of 

Canterbury, xxxiv: 12, 
Mohammad's Hegira, 

xx xvii: 8. 
Death of Mohammad, 

xxxvii: 11. 
Jerusalem taken by the 

Muslims, xlii: 1. 
Theodore of Tarsus, Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, 

xxxviii: 7. 
Sixth General Council, 3d 

Constantinople, xxxviii. 
Inconoclastic controversy 

xxxix : 2. 
Death of S. Willibrord, xl: 

1. 
Christianity preached in 

German y, xl: 2. 
Seventh General Council, 

2d Xictea, xxxix. 
Synod at Frankfort, 

xxxix: 6. 
The Photian Schism, 

xxxix: 9. 
Christianity preached in 

Sweden, &c., xl: 3. 
Death of Photius. xxxix: 9. 
Death of King S. Wences- 

las,xl: 9. 
Christianity preached in 

Russia, xl: 10. 
^adimir's conversion, xl: 

12. 
The Four Popes, xii: 9. 
The Great Schism between 

East and v> est, xli: 1. 
The first Crusade, xlii: 1. 
Death of S.Bernard,xliii :2. 



170 



CATECHISM OF CHURCH HISTORY. 



A.D. 

1186. Baldwin recaptures Jer- 
usalem, xlii: 4. 

1222. Death of S. Dominic, xliii: 
3. 

1226. Death of S. Francis of 
Assisi, xliii : 6. 

1270. The Eighth and last Cru- 
sade, xlii: 1. 

1274. Second Synod at Lyons, 
xliii: 10; temporary re- 
conciliation of East and 
West, xliii: 11; Death of 
S. Thomas Aquinas,xliii : 
7. 

1291. Acre taken by the Mus- 
lims, xlii: 5. 

1380. Wickliff translates the 
Bible, xliv:5. 

1384. Death of Wickliff, xliv: 3. 

1414. Synod at Constance, xliv : 

1431. Synod at Basle, xlv: 7. 

1438. Felix V., last Anti-pope, 

xlv: 9. 

1439. Synod at Florence, xlv : 10. 
1453. Constantinople taken by 

the Turks, xlv : 12. 

1516. The Pragmatic Sanction, 

xlvi : 5. 

1517. Luther's antagonism and 

the Papacy, xlvi : 6. 
1529. Diet or Synod at Spires, 

xlvi: 7. 
1534. Act abolishing Papal 

claims in England, xlvi : 

13. 
1547. Edward VI., King, xlvii: 

2. 
1549. First English Book of 

Common Prayer, xlvii: 2. 
1553. Mary, Queen of England, 

xlvii: 3. 

1558. Elizabeth, Queen of Eng- 

land, xlvii: 4. 

1559. Archbishop Parker conse- 

crated, xlvii: 7. 



A.D. 

1564. Death of Calvin, xlvi: 

8. 
1570. Pius V., Excommunicates 

Queen Elizabeth,xlvii:8; 

Dissent in England,xlvii; 

13. 
1572. Death of John Knox, 

xlix: 2. 
1579. Papal Crusade to Ireland, 

xiviii: 5. 
1588. Defeat of Spanish Armada 

xlvii: 11. 
1612. Episcopacy restored in 

Scotland, xlix: 5. 
1623. First Papal Bishop in 

England after the Re- 
formation, xlvii: 9. 
1688. Abdication of James II., 

xlvii : 17. 
1690. Presbyterianism establish- 
ed in Scotland, xlix: 5; 

the Nonjuring Schism, 

xlvii: 20. 
1764. The Scotch Prayer Book, 

xxiii : 22. 
1776. Declaration of American 

Independence, 1 : 4. 
1784. Consecration of Bishop 

Seabury, 1 : 5. 
1787. Bishops consecrated in 

England for the United 

States, 1:6. 

1789. The American Prayer 

Book, xxiii: 22. 

1790. End of the Nonjuring 

Schism, xlvii: 2; First 
Papal Bishop in the 
United States, 1: 7. 

1833. Suppressing ten Bishop- 
rics in Ireland, xiviii: 7. 

1850. Pius IX. .establishes Papal 
sees in England, xiviii: 
8. 

1871. Disestablishment of the 
Church in Ireland,xlviii : 
8. 



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